Frozen Earth: The Once and Future Story of Ice Ages (41 page)

Mosley-Thompson, Ellen,
183

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University,
44

Namibia,
154–55

Neptunists,
23–24

Neuberger, Hans,
225

Neuchâtel,
26–27
,
30–32
,
34
,
36
,
39–41

Niagara Falls,
87
,
98

Niagara River,
87

North Atlantic Ocean,
219
,
228–30

North Atlantic Oscillation,
218–19
,
230

North Pole,
52
,
78–80
,
212

O’Brien, Eileen,
202–3

ocean circulation.
See
Gulf Stream; ocean currents
ocean currents,
82–83
,
109–10
,
169
,
218–19
,
228
.
See also
Gulf Stream
Ocean Drilling Project,
107
,
170–71

ocean temperature, past,
171–72

oceanography,
166–67

Older Dryas,
198

orbit, of Earth around sun,
75–80
,
76
,
139
; eccentricity of,
76–81
,
76
,
83
,
86
,
120–21
,
173
,
175
,
243

Oxygen isotopes,
135–36
; determining seawater temperature from,
135–36
,
139
,
172–73
; in fossil shells,
135–38
,
171–73
; of seawater,
173

oxygen, concentration in atmosphere,
154

Paranthropus,
193

Pardee, Joe,
99–100
,
102

Penck, Albrecht,
127–28
,
132

Penny Magazine,
69–70

Penrose Medal,
105

Permo-Carboniferous Ice Age,
144–50
,
209
,
236
,
238

Philosophical Magazine,
73
,
81
,
85

Philosophy of Theism (Croll),
72

photosynthesis,
155–57
,
235–36
,
240

Pinatubo, Mt.,
230

piston corer, Kullenberg,
168–69

plague, bubonic,
221–22

plankton,
157
,
166–68
,
237
; and water temperature,
168

plate tectonics,
66
,
146

Pleistocene Ice Age,
9
,
52
,
142
,
240–41
,
244
; beginning of,
188–89
,
238
; climate of,
187
,
189
; extent of glaciers during,
52–53
,
147
; and human evolution,
187–89
,
193–206
; multiple cycles of,
45–46
,
53–55
,
60
,
63–64
,
82
,
141–42
,
164
,
178
,
188
,
194–95
,
205
,
207
,
213
,
233
,
243
(
see also
glacial periods; interglacial periods).
See also
climate; ice age climate; ice ages
polynya,
210

Potholes waterfall,
91

primates,
188

Principles of Geology (Lyell),
75

Proterozoic eon,
150

proxy,
219–20
; geochemical,
172–74
,
181
,
185
,
215
,
216
,
220

Puget Sound,
90

punctuated equilibrium,
192–93

Pyrenees,
208

Quelccaya glacier,
184

Raeburn, Sir Henry,
226

raised beaches,
62

rapid terminations (of glacial periods),
180
,
182
,
194

rebound, of Earth’s crust,
62

reflecting power, of snow and ice,
83
,
129–30
,
159
,
244

refugia,
210

Révolutions de la mer (Adhémar),
77

ripple marks, giant: near glacial Lake Missoula,
100
,
102
; in Channeled Scablands,
104–5

rock flour, glacial,
56
,
59

rock magnetism.
See
magnetic field (Earth)
Royal Society (London),
17
,
166

Sacred Theory of the Earth, The (Burnet),
20

sand and gravel deposits, glacial,
55–56

scablands,
89–92
.
See also
Channeled Scablands
Schimper, Karl,
4
,
34

science and religion,
17–21

science, progress of,
5

sea level: glacially lowered,
62–64
; rising,
63–64
,
165

Sedgwick, Adam,
23

Shackleton, Nick,
138–39

The Skin of Our Teeth (Wilder),
187

Snake River,
92
,
95–96
,
98–99
,
106

snow line,
129–30

Snowball Earth,
150–60
,
208–11
,
241

Snows of Kilimanjaro, The (Hemingway),
7

solar activity,
219–21
,
230

solar cycle,
219

solar energy, received on Earth.
See
insolation
solar flares,
219

solstice: summer,
78
,
80
; winter,
78
,
80

South Africa, evidence for glaciation of,
161–63

South Pole,
146
,
148
,
150

St.
Lawrence River,
109–10

Stanley, Steven,
190
,
195–96
,
206

Stradivarius (violins)
226–27

Studies on Glaciers
(Agassiz),
34
,
36
,
39
,
52

Sumbawa, Island of,
231

sunspots,
220

superfloods.
See
floods, catastrophic glacial
supergreenhouse,
157
,
160
,
210
,
235

superposition, principle of,
53

Swedish Deep Sea Expedition,
168–69

temperature, on Earth: changes in,
124
; relationship to solar radiation,
121–22

terrestrial imperative, the,
195–96
,
206

Thompson, Charles Wyville,
166

Thompson, Lonnie,
183–86

Tibetan Plateau,
238–39

tillite,
141–43
,
148
,
153
,
161–63

tool making, human,
189–90
,
196
,
201
,
204
;
See also
Acheulean hand axe
tsunami,
47

turbidity currents,
107

Two-Mile Time Machine, The (Alley),
175

Tyndall, John, correspondence with James Croll,
74

Urey, Harold,
135–36

valley: U-shaped glacial,
61
; hanging glacial,
61

van Donk, J.,
137–38

varves,
58–59
,
161

vascular plants,
236

Venetz, Ignatz,
32–35
,
37

Venus,
235
,
237

Vienna,
116–18

Vikings,
216
,
223

volcanic ash,
193
; hominid footprints in,
190–91

volcanism, as source of CO
₂
,
155–56
,
236
,
238

Vostok ice core,
179–82
,
180

Vostok Station, Antarctica,
178

Vostok, Lake,
178

Wallula Gap,
101
,
103

Washington (state),
89–92
,
103

water vapor, as a greenhouse gas,
233–34

waterfalls: extinct, in the Channeled Scablands,
96
(
see also
Grand Coulee); in Yosemite Valley,
61

weather,
187
,
212
,
244

weathering, chemical,
156
,
158

Wegener, Alfred,
123–24
,
129
;
Climates of the Geological Past
(with Köppen),
128
; theory of continental drift,
144–46

Werner, Abraham,
22–24

Wilder, Thornton,
187

Yakima River,
103

Younger Dryas,
198–201
,
200
,
206
,
215
,
227
,
229

Zagreb,
116