Ha! (34 page)

On the personality characteristics of cartoonists, see Paul Pearson, “Personality Characteristics of Cartoonists,”
Personality and Individual Differences
4, no. 2 (1983): 227–228.

On gender differences for Eysenck's personality traits, see R. Lynn and T. Martin, “Gender Differences in Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism in 37 Nations,”
Journal of Social Psychology
137, no. 3 (1997): 369–373.

On the personality characteristics of creative people, see Giles Burch, Christos Pavelis, David Hemsley, and Philip Corr, “Schizotypy and Creativity in Visual Artists,”
British Journal of Psychology
97 (2006): 177–190; also Gregory Feist, “A Meta-Analysis of Personality in Scientific and Artistic Creativity,”
Personality and Social Psychology Review
2, no. 4 (1998): 290–309; also Karl Gotz and Karin Gotz, “Personality Characteristics of Successful Artists,”
Perceptual and Motor Skills
49 (1979): 919–924; also Cary Cooper and Geoffrey Wills, “Popular Musicians Under Pressure,”
Psychology of Music
17, no. 1 (1989): 22–36.

On Willibald Ruch's large-scale study of sense of humor and personality characteristics, see Gabrielle Köhler and Willibald Ruch, “Sources of Variance in Current Sense of Humor Inventories: How Much Substance, How Much Method Variance?”
Humor: International Journal of Humor Research
9, no. 3/4 (1996): 363–397.

On sensation-seekers and absurd humor, see Andrea Samson, Christian Hempelmann, Oswald Huber, and Stefan Zysset, “Neural Substrates of Incongruity-Resolution and Nonsense Humor,”
Neuropsychologia
47 (2009): 1023–1033.

On humor and environmentalism, see Herbert Lefcourt, “Perspective-Taking Humor and Authoritarianism as Predictors of Anthropo-centrism,”
Humor: International Journal of Humor Research
9, no. 1 (1996): 57–71.

On humor and Type A personalities, see Rod Martin and Nicholas Kuiper, “Daily Occurrence of Laughter: Relationships with Age, Gender, and Type A Personality,”
Humor: International Journal of Humor Research
12, no. 4 (1999): 355–384.

On humor and anality, see Richard O'Neill, Roger Greenberg, and Seymour Fisher, “Humor and Anality,”
Humor: International Journal of Humor Research
5, no. 3 (1992): 283–291.

The Fairer Sex

On Robin Lakoff's take on feminism and humor, see her book
Language and Woman's Place
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).

On laughter in natural settings, see Robert Provine,
Laughter: A Scientific Investigation
(New York: Penguin, 2001).

On sex differences in brain activation during jokes, see Eiman Azim, Dean Mobbs, Booil Jo, Vinod Menon, and Allan Reiss, “Sex Differences in Brain Activation Elicited by Humor,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
102, no. 45 (2005): 16496–16501.

On cartoons from
Playboy
versus
The New Yorker
, see Peter Derks, “Category and Ratio Scaling of Sexual and Innocent Cartoons,”
Humor: International Journal of Humor Research
5, no. 4 (1992): 319–329.

On the consequences of sexist humor, see Thomas Ford, Christie Boxer, Jacob Armstrong, and Jessica Edel, “More Than Just a Joke: The Prejudice-Releasing Function of Sexist Humor,”
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
34, no. 2 (2008): 159–170.

Specialization Is for Insects

On object permanence in animals, see Francois Doré, “Object Permanence in Adult Cats (
Felis Catus
),”
Journal of Comparative Psychology
100, no. 4 (1986): 340–347; also Holly Miller, Cassie Gipson, Aubrey Vaughn, Rebecca Rayburn-Reeves, and Thomas Zentall, “Object Permanence in Dogs: Invisible Displacement in a Rotation Task,”
Psychonomic Bulletin and Review
16, no. 1 (2009): 150–155; also Almut Hoffmann, Vanessa
Rüttler, and Andreas Nieder, “Ontogeny of Object Permanence and Object Tracking in the Carrion Crow,
Corvus Corone
,”
Animal Behavior
82 (2011): 359–367.

On children's learning of irony and sarcasm, see Amy Demorest, Christine Meyer, Erin Phelps, Howard Gardner, and Ellen Winner, “Words Speak Louder Than Actions: Understanding Deliberately False Remarks,”
Child Development
55 (1984): 1527–1534; also Carol Capelli, Noreen Nakagawa, and Cory Madden, “How Children Understand Sarcasm: The Role of Context and Intonation,”
Child Development
61 (1990): 1824–1841.

On humor and conservatism, see Willibald Ruch, Paul McGhee, and Franz-Josef Hehl, “Age Differences in the Enjoyment of Incongruity-Resolution and Nonsense Humor During Adulthood,”
Personality and Aging
5, no. 3 (1990): 348–355.

C
HAPTER
5: O
UR
C
OMPUTER
O
VERLORDS

On Watson's victory, see Stephen Baker,
Final Jeopardy: Man Versus Machine and the Quest to Know Everything
(New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011). On Watson's design, see the white paper released by IBM titled “Watson—A System Designed for Answers,” which can easily be found using online search.

Pattern Detection and Hypothesis Generation

To see The Joking Computer, you can visit the public website at
http://www.abdn.ac.uk/jokingcomputer
; for an excellent website that chooses jokes specifically matching your own sense of humor based on a filtering algorithm, see
http://eigentaste.berkeley.edu
.

On humor, computers, and creativity, see almost anything by Margaret Boden, including
The Creative Mind: Myths and Mechanisms
(New York: Routledge, 2004); also “Creativity and Artificial Intelligence,”
Artificial Intelligence
103 (1998): 347–356; also “Creativity and Computers,”
Current Science
64, no. 6 (1993): 419–433. The quotations in the text are from personal interviews.

On JAPE, see Kim Binstead and Graeme Ritchie, “An Implemented Model of Punning Riddles,” in
Proceedings of the Twelfth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence
(Menlo Park, CA: American Association for Artificial Intelligence, 1994).

On Hahacronym, see Oliviero Stock and Carlo Strapparava, “Hahacronym: A Computational Humor System,” in
Proceedings of the ACL Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions
(Ann Arbor, MI: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2005); also Oliviero Stock and Carlo Strapparava, “Hahacronym: Humorous Agents for Humorous Acronyms,”
Humor: International Journal of Humor Research
16, no. 3 (2003): 297–314.

On DEviaNT, see Chloé Kiddon and Yuriy Brun, “That's What She Said: Double Entendre Identification,” in
Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
(Portland, OR: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2011).

On the University of North Texas's one-liner computer program, see Rada Mihalcea and Carlo Strapparava, “Making Computers Laugh: Investigations in Automatic Humor Recognition,” in
Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Human Language Technology/Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
(Vancouver, Canada, 2005); also Rada Mihalcea and Carlo Strapparava, “Learning to Laugh (Automatically): Computational Models for Humor Recognition,”
Computational Intelligence
22, no. 2 (2006): 126–142.

On cloze probability and humor, see Rachel Giora, “Optimal Innovation and Pleasure,” in
Proceedings of the Twentieth Workshop on Language Technology
(Trento, Italy, 2002).

On humor and N400 effects, see Seana Coulson and Marta Kutas, “Getting It: Human Event-Related Brain Response to Jokes in Good and Poor Comprehenders,”
Neuroscience Letters
316 (2001): 71–74.

On semantic priming and humor, see Jyotsna Vaid, Rachel Hull, Roberto Heredia, David Gerkens, and Francisco Martinez, “Getting the Joke: The Time Course of Meaning Activation in Verbal Humor,”
Journal of Pragmatics
35 (2003): 1431–1449.

Transformational Creativity

On the neuroscience of creativity, see Arne Dietrich and Riam Kanso, “A Review of EEG, ERP, and Neuroimaging Studies of Creativity and Insight,”
Psychological Bulletin
136, no. 5 (2010): 822–848; also Hikaru Takeuchi, Yasuyuki Taki, Hiroshi Hashizume, Yuko Sassa, Tomomi Nagase, Rui Nouchi, and Ryuta Kawashima, “The Association
Between Resting Functional Connectivity and Creativity,”
Cerebral Cortex
22, no. 12 (2012): 1–9.

On Gaiku, see Yael Netzer, David Gabay, Yoav Goldberg, and Michael Elhadad, “Gaiku: Generating Haiku with Word Association Norms,” in
NAACL Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Creativity
(Boulder, CO, 2009).

On computer attempts to model music, painting, and other arts, see Boden's
The Creative Mind: Myths and Mechanisms;
also Paul Hodgson, “Modeling Cognition in Creative Musical Improvisation,” unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Sussex Department of Informatics; also H. Koning and J. Eizenberg, “The Language of the Prairie: Frank Lloyd Wright's Prairie Houses,”
Environmental Planning
B 8 (1981): 295–323; also James Meehan, “The Metanovel: Writing Stories by Computer,” unpublished doctoral thesis, Yale University Department of Computer Science; also Patrick McNally and Kristian Hammond, “Picasso, Pato, and Perro: Reconciling Procedure with Creativity,” in
Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Creativity
(Mexico City, Mexico, 2011); also Harold Cohen,
On the Modeling of Creative Behavior
(Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation Technical Paper, 1981).

Keeping Salt Out

On measurement of creativity, see Mary Lou Maher, “Evaluating Creativity in Humans, Computers, and Collectively Intelligent Systems,” in
Proceedings of the First DESIRE Network Conference on Creativity and Innovation in Design
(Lancaster, England, 2010); also Graeme Ritchie, “Some Empirical Criteria for Attributing Creativity to a Computer Program,”
Minds and Machines
17 (2007): 67–99.

On The Automatic Mathematician, see G. Ritchie and F. Hanna, “Automatic Mathematician: A Case Study in AI Methodology,”
Artificial Intelligence
23 (1984): 249–258.

On the Chinese Room Thought Experiment, see John Searle, “Minds, Brains, and Programs,”
Behavioral and Brain Sciences
3, no. 3 (1980): 417–457.

C
HAPTER
6: T
HE
B
ILL
C
OSBY
E
FFECT

On humor and illness, see Norman Cousins,
Anatomy of an Illness as Perceived by the Patient
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1979).

The Doctor Inside

On laughter as exercise, see M. Buchowski, K. Majchrzak, K. Blomquist, K. Chen, D. Byrne, and J. Bachorowski, “Energy Expenditure of Genuine Laughter,”
International Journal of Obesity
31 (2007): 131–137.

On laughter and blood pressure, see William Fry and William Savin, “Mirthful Laughter and Blood Pressure,”
Humor: International Journal of Humor Research
1, no. 1 (1988): 49–62; also Jun Sugawara, Takashi Tarumi, and Hirofumi Tanaka, “Effect of Mirthful Laughter on Vascular Function,”
American Journal of Cardiology
106, no. 6 (2010): 856–859.

On Michael Miller's vasoreactivity studies, see Michael Miller and William Fry, “The Effect of Mirthful Laughter on the Human Cardiovascular System,”
Medical Hypotheses
73, no. 5 (2009): 636–643; also see accounts of Michael Miller's presentation to the
Scientific Session of the American College of Cardiology
(Orlando, FL, 2005).

On laughter and diabetes, see Takashi Hayashi, Osamu Urayama, Miyo Hori, Shigeko Sakamoto, Uddin Mohammad Nasir, Shizuko Iwanaga, Keiko Hayashi, Fumiaki Suzuki, Koichi Kawai, and Kazuo Murakami, “Laughter Modulates Prorenin Receptor Gene Expression in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes,”
Journal of Psychonomic Research
62 (2007): 703–706; also Keiko Hayashi, Takashi Hayashi, Shizuko Iwanaga, Koichi Kawai, Hitoshi Ishii, Shin'ichi Shoji, and Kanuo Murakami, “Laughter Lowered the Increase in Postprandial Blood Glucose,”
Diabetes Care
26, no. 5 (2003): 1651–1652.

For a review on humor and diseases such as arthritis and dermatitis, see Paul McGhee,
Humor: The Lighter Path to Resilience and Health
(Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2010).

On humor and the immune system, see Herbert Lefcourt, Karina Davidson-Katz, and Karen Kueneman, “Humor and Immune-System Functioning,”
Humor: International Journal of Humor Research
3, no. 3 (1990): 305–321; also Arthur Stone, Donald Cox, Heiddis Valdi-marsdottir, Lina Jandorf, and John Neale, “Evidence That Secretory IgA Antibody Is Associated with Daily Mood,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
52, no. 5 (1987): 988–993; also Mary Bennett, Janice Zeller, Lisa Rosenberg, and Judith McCann, “The Effect of Mirthful Laughter on Stress and Natural Killer Cell Activity,”
Alternative Therapies
9, no. 2 (2003): 38–44.

On the Norwegian health study, see Sven Svebak, Rod Martin, and Jostein Holmen, “The Prevalence of Sense of Humor in a Large, Unselected Country Population in Norway: Relations with Age, Sex, and Some Health Indicators,”
Humor: International Journal of Humor Research
17, no. 1/2 (2004): 121–134.