Handbook on Sexual Violence (109 page)

Paradox of power: The assertion of power as a result of an individual’s fear.

Prevalence: The number of events taking place over the course of an individual’s lifetime.

PTSD: Post-traumatic stress disorder.

Reasonable man: A measure, usually used in the context of the law, to assess what might be considered to be appropriate or inappropriate behaviour, also sometimes referred to as the Clapham omnibus test.

Reintegration: Ways of thinking about managing offenders that ensures that they can be accepted back into their community.

Risk assessment: Ways of measuring the likelihood of things happening to people, usually linked to what has happened previously.

SANE: Sexual assault nurse examiner. SARC: Sexual assault referral centre. SDVC: Specialist domestic violence court.

Sexual murder: A term used most often in the context of serial killing, to highlight the underlying sexual motivation of the offender.

Sexual violence: Any physical or verbal act that is sexual in intent and content directed towards another person.

Silencing: A process whereby some voices are heard and others are not.

SOIT: Sexual offences investigative training applied to police officers.

STO: Specially trained (police) officer normally skilled to deal with sexual assault cases in particular.

Survivor: The term favoured by the feminist movement to capture the ways in which women routinely and actively resist the oppression they experience on a day-to-day basis. Historically put in opposition to the concept of victim though contemporarily there is greater awareness that the process of moving from being a victim to a survivor can be quite complex on an individual level that is not necessarily achieved by everyone. However, this is still an important term for political purposes.

Victim blaming: Assigning responsibility to the victim for events that have happened to them. Connected to notions of the deserving and undeserving victim.

WCU: Witness Care Unit associated with the care of vulnerable witnesses through the trial process.

Index
‌

abduction 26, 27

abortion 43

Abu Ghraib 194

academic research as source of data 96 acknowledged/unacknowledged rape

victims 259

acquaintance rape 81, 86

active responsibility 239

administrative data 91, 96

Afghanistan 69, 193

Against Our Will
44, 53

age of consent 36, 345

AIDS 347

Ainsworth, Mary 334

American Law Institute 72, 77 anger, routine activities and 167

Anglo-American criminal justice system 71–87

Arresting Evidence
300

Ashworth, Dawn 123

assault, relabelling of rape as 80–1 Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of

Claimants, etc.) Act 2004 231

asylum seekers 343–4, 426, 429

attachment theory 209, 334, 335

attrition 100, 104, 187–8, 268, 378, 379,

380, 420–1, 461

comparative attrition/conviction 105 developing measurement of 106–7 discontinuity in CPS data 105 meaning of 100

‘attrition rate crisis’ 268

Australia, restorative justice in 450

avatars 185

Baby Peter 346, 349n2 Bacon, Francis 28

‘bad character’ evidence 142 Barnardo’s 230, 339–40

behavioural tracking 208

behaviours, commonalities within sexual violence

false accusations 166

unacknowledged victimisation 165

under-reporting 165–6

behaviours, distinction between sexually violent 240

believability, women’s allegations and 16–21, 37–8, 44, 71–2, 74–5, 258, 260,

264, 377, 423–4, 478–9

Bell, Mary 333–4

Bellfield, Levi 141, 322–3

Benson, Lorraine 123–4

birth control, feminism and 43

blackmail, online sexual contacts 360, 369

Blackstone, William 72, 87

blaming the victim 18–19, 195, 258 blocking online contacts 360

Blood Group Index 122 Bosnia 42

Bowlby, J. 334

Bowman, Anne 322

Brady, Ian 310–11

bridging programmes 250, 380 Britain, rape conviction rates 70

British Crime Survey (BCS) 37, 91, 92–3,

93–5, 101, 165, 186, 198, 376–7

domestic violence 291–2

intimate partner abuse prevalence 94– 5 (tab)

self-completion module 93, 108 sexual violence prevalence 94 (tab)

Brown v State
73, 74

Brownmiller, Susan 43–4, 53–4, 78, 255,

279, 245

Bryant, Kobe 79, 426

buggery 34

Bulger, James 334

bullying at work
see
workplace bullying Butler, Judith 55

Campaign to End Rape 420, 427

Canada 71, 72, 84, 85

COSA evaluation 448, 449 development of GLM 450

capital punishment 34

career choices of LGBs 403, 406

Carter, Angela 57–62 Castlehaven, Earl of 28 castration of sexual offenders 40

Catholic affiliated hospitals, emergency contraception in 466

causes of crime, psychological factors

166–7

Charles, Craig 426

chastity 29, 32, 33, 35

women’s protected with life 73 chat rooms 359

Chaucer, G 56 childhood/children

abuse 230

as commodities 346

definitions in Children Act 1989 345

development models 347–8

effects of violent behaviour on 213–14 iconic status of 347

innocence of 337–9 nature v. nurture 333–5

‘new’ sociology of childhood 335–7 online sexual contact 353–71 prostitution 36, 340

slippery concepts 337

sex and 337–9

sex education 338–9 sexual assault on 38

sexual development not considered in

UK 338

sexual experiences little understood 347

social construction of 347 viewed as offenders 343 ‘well being’ in UK 347

Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit 187

Child Poverty Action Group, definition of ‘well being’ 347

child protecton investigations 346 Child Rescue Societies 339

child sex abuse 39, 339–48 children as abusers 342

definition 341

in earlier periods 340–1 identity of perpetrators 346–7

invisibility of abused children 346–7 multifaceted 341

‘normalised’ violence 343–4 prevention v protection 345

social constructs within definitions 341

victim/perpetrator binary challenged

342

women as abusers 342–3

Child Sex Offender Review (Home Office) 440, 442–3, 452

children’s charities influence on 443 childhood abuse, legacy of 209, 261

Children Act 1989 344–5

children’s commissioners 348

children’s homes 38

chivalric heritage/model 33, 44

church courts 24, 26, 29

Circles of Support and Accountability (COSA) 447–9

community engagement questionable 449

impact in UK limited 449

‘civilising process’ 24, 31, 38

Cleary, Christopher 130

Cleveland affair 39, 345 Climbi´e, Victoria 340, 346 coercive sex 259–60

cognitive-behavioural interventions 238,

444–5

cold case review team 143 cold cases 129–30

collaboration 215–16

Colwell, Maria 345
Commonwealth v Berkowitz
84 Community Domestic Violence

Programme (CDVP) 378, 379 community response to rape 459–63

changing the response 463–5 Community Safety Units 139 complaints handling in the workplace

410

concealment strategies used by LGB employees 407

concentration camps 41

conflict theory 184

confidentiality 215

Stop It Now helpline 445 Connolly, Peter
see
Baby Peter consent

age of 36

assumption of based on dress and behaviour 78–9

consent standard 75–6 mens rea for rape 85–6

physical force, resistance and 82–5 proving consent not given 125 requirement of resistance 72–4 withdrawal of 190, 418

continuum of violence, concept of (Kelly’s continuum) 7–11, 17, 19, 24,

25, 28, 33, 45, 70, 77, 87, 91, 92, 108,

141, 150, 151, 152, 154, 156, 158, 159,

160, 169–76, 182, 185, 186, 189, 195,

198, 204–5, 220–1, 222, 240, 250, 259,

260, 287–8, 290–1, 302, 309, 312, 323,

332, 341, 342, 374–5, 377, 379, 380, 391,

418–19, 424–5, 426, 427, 459, 462, 489,

490

bullying at work and 397 children online and 357, 369 of felt experience 438 Leisurewatch and 447

offender responses 438, 440, 443, 444,

447

powerful tool in feminist practice 428 and prostitution 218–33

survivor responses 428–32

contraception 21, 37–8
see also
emergency contraception

conviction rates 187–8, 420–1

comparative attrition/conviction 105

definition of 21, 100–1

see also
attrition Cooke, Sydney 437

Coordinated Strategy on Prostitution
231 corporal punishment 344

correctional quackery 238

corroboration requirement 71, 74–5, 76,

77, 78, 79

corroborative evidence 142

Corston Report 497

Cosgrove Report 442

Cost of Domestic Violence
144

costs, domestic violence related 296 courts

medieval 25

as silencing agent 265–9

Crime and Disorder Act 1998 232

crime codes 95

Crime Reduction Programme 297 Crimes Against Children Research

Center 371

criminal identification 39

Criminal Justice and Immigration Bill 2008 231

Criminal Justice and Policing Act 2001 231

Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2004 231 criminal justice framework, domestic

violence and 289–90

criminal justice policy, sex offenders 437 criminal justice process

rape cases key stages 420–1

criminal justice system, retributive sentencing policy 438

Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 36

criminal physiognomies 39

criminal psychiatrists 39

Criminal Records Bureau checks 446 criminal responsibility, age of in UK 343 cross-examination 78

hostile 35, 78, 189, 267

Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) 101, 196, 289

charging unit 140–1

conviction rates for rape 103–4, 106–7 data collection reform 92

decision-making on rape prosecution 105

rape prosecution figures 421 review of rape 487

‘CSI Effect’ 125

cultural matters 143–4

Custody disputes, and false allegations 166

cybersex 361

cyberspace 185

Daly, Kathleen 81

DASH 2009 risk assessment tool 138 data recording, domestic violence 144–5

data sets, online contact with children 355–7

DeBoise, Anthony 130 Defence of the Realm Act 37

Delagrange, Ame´lie 322

Democratic Republic of the Congo 193–4 Derwent Initiative 446–7

deserving/undeserving complaints 34–5

‘deserving’ victim 16–17

desire, routine activities and 167 Deutsch, Helene 43

developmental psychology 334–5 diffusion of innovation theory (DOI) 464 ‘dignity at work’ policy 395–6

disclosure by LGBs

and relationship breakdown 406 stigmatisation salience 408

Diversity Equality Index 409

Dixie, Mark 141, 322 DNA

analysis 21

database 129, 143

profiling 122–5

sampling 143 doctors

authorative adjudicators in 19th century 39

selection of in SARCs 126–7 domestic abuse

Home Office definition 204 incidence and prevalence of 205 public sector preference for dealing

with 425

see also
domestic violence domestic homicide 189 domestic violence

ACPO definition of 139 advisors/advocates (IDVAs) 294, 298–9

definition 162–3 (tab), 288–90

Duluth approach 295

incidence, prevalence and costs 296 information sharing 295–6

Kelly’s continuum and 290 lack of common definition 488 Multi-agency risk assessment

conferences 297–8

multi-agency working 295–6 nature and extent 291–2

no single crime 288–9 official crime statistics 291

perpetrator programmes 293–4

perpetrators 292–3

police policy ethos 141 policy context 294

prevention work 301

repeat victimisation 300–1

repeated incidents 290–1

services/interventions 297 widening policy agenda 302–3

Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims

Act 2004 294

DPP v Morgan
37

drug-assisted rape 167
see also

acquaintance rape Duffy, John 172, 173

Dunne, John 124

dynamic risk factors 238, 239, 378

ecological understanding of child development 335

Edlington brothers 334, 342

ego 333

Ellis, Havelock 43

emergency contraception

immediate access to 127 inconsistent provision of 460 obtained through normal health