Happy Accidents: Serendipity in Major Medical Breakthroughs in the Twentieth Century (56 page)

Campanario, Juan Miguel, 369

camphor, 249–250

cancer

breast, 139

cervical, 178

colon, 148–150, 342–343

fear of, 169

genetic basis for, 154–164

heavy metals for treatment of, 135–137

leukemia, 127–130, 134, 162

melanoma, 163

metaphors for, 181

metastasization of, xi–xii

mustard gas and, 122–126

prostate, 138–139

statistics on, 177–179

stomach, 111–112

tumors, 140–147, 152–156, 160–161

Vinca
alkaloids for, 131–134

cancer-accelerating genes, 154–158, 182

cancer research

conflict over, 170–171

industrialization of, 169–180

serendipity in, 180, 181–183

stem cell research and, 165–168

targeted approach to, 170–178

Cannon, Walter B., 7, 356

cardiac catheterization, 195–203, 350–351

cardiovascular disease

angina pectoris, 192, 218

atherosclerosis, 225–233

coronary artery disease, 200–203

cardiovascular surgery, 208–214

Carliner, Paul, 2

Carrel, Alexis, 209, 352

Catharanthus roseus
, 134

catheterization, cardiac, 195–203, 350–351

causation, false attributions of, 13–14

Celebrex, 150

cell membranes, 17

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), LSD and, 293–296

Cerletti, Ugo, 250–251

cervical cancer, 178

Chain, Ernst, 70–74, 76, 79, 80, 81, 333

chance

role of, in scientific discoveries, 4–6, 21–22

vs. serendipity, 7

See also
serendipity

Chauveau, Auguste, 195

chemical affinities, 40

chemical properties, 38

chemical warfare, 117–126, 338–339

chemistry, birth of, 38

chemotherapy, 42, 50, 77

combination, 130

ill effects of, 179–180

for leukemia, 129–130, 134

nitrogen mustard, 122–126

chloramphenicol, 87–88

chlorpromazine (CPZ), 267–269

cholera, 35

cholesterol research, 225–233

choriocarcinoma, 129–130

chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), 162

Churchill, Winston, 19, 57, 126

CIA, LSD and, 293–296

Cialis, 223–224

Circle Limit IV
(Escher), 10

circulatory system, early views on, 187–188

cisplatin, 136–137

clinically targeted research, 170–180, 302–303

Close, Chuck, 8–9

clots, blood, 234–238

coal gas, 38–39

coal tar, 38–39

coal-tar dyes, 41–42, 48–55, 327

Cocoanut Grove nightclub, 77

Coghill, Robert, 75

cognitive illusions, 8–13

Cohen, Sidney, 292

Cohen, Stanley, 304

Collip, James, 131

colon cancer, 148–150, 342–343

colonoscopy, 149

coma, induced, 247–249

combination drug therapy, 130

combinatorial chemistry, 312, 368

commercial products, developed through serendipity, 39

compound 606, 43–46

Coningham, Arthur, 117

consumption.
See
tuberculosis

Controlled Substances Act (1970), 295

Cooke, Robert, 141

“corner-of-the-film diagnosis,” xii

coronary angioplasty, 205–207

coronary arteries

bypass surgery, 203

visualization of, 199–203

coumarin, 236–237

counterstaining technique, 36–37

Cournand, André, 198

COX-1, 150

COX-2, 150

Craven, Lawrence, 237

creative people, characteristics of, 17

creative thought

analogies and, 17–19

anomalies and, 18–19

pathways of, 14–19

creativity, role of, in scientific discoveries, 6–7

Crile, George, Jr., 169

crowdsourcing, 316

Curie, Marie, 1

cyanamide, 364

cyclosporin, 90

Dacron grafts, 212–213

Dale, Henry, 68, 244

D'Amato, Robert, 152

Darwin, Charles, 19, 300

Darwin, Horace, 191

Declomycin, 88

deductive reasoning, 6

Delay, Jean, 267

Deniker, Pierre, 267, 305

depression, 242, 273–280, 360–361

diagnostic imaging, xii diphtheria, 39

direct-to-consumer (DTC) marketing, 308

disulfiram, 284–286

Diuril, 330

Dixon, Laurinda S., 365

DNA, 125, 155, 162,182

dogmatism, 305

Dole, Robert, 213

Domagk, Gerhard, 50–55, 329

dopamine, 18, 167, 244–245, 268–269, 275, 277, 298

Dotter, Charles, 205–206

Dougherty, Thomas, 123–124

Dramamine, 2

Dread Disease, The
(Patterson), 169

drug development process, 312–313

drug receptors, 41–42

drug safety tests, 58

drug therapy

combination, 130

targeted, 162–164

Druker, Brian, 310

Dublin, Louis, 227

Dubos, René, 84

dye production, 38–39, 48–55

Edelman, Gerald, 14–15

education, changes needed in, 313–315, 317

Effler, Donald, 203

Egas Moniz, António, 252, 254–255, 257, 358

Ehrlich, Paul, 1, 15, 304, 328

counterstaining technique by, 36–37

diphtheria work by, 39

drug receptor research by, 41–42

immunological research by, 39–40

malaria work by, 40–41

syphilis cure by, 42–47

Einstein, Albert, 14, 213–214

Einthoven, Willem, 189–194, 349

Eisenhower, Dwight, 300

Elavil, 291

electrocardiograms (ECGs), 191–192, 193–194

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 250–251

electrometers, 188–189

electron microscopes, 105

elements, chemical properties of, 38

Elion, Gertrude, 340

Enders, John, 175

Endicott, Kenneth, 173

endostatin, 146

endothelial cells, 215–219

ENL (erythema nodosum leprosum), 343

Epstein-Barr virus, 344

Equanil, 271

erectile dysfunction (ED), 220–224

ergotism, 296–297

erythromycin, 88

Escher, M. C., 9–10

estrogen therapy, for prostate cancer, 138–139

ethical standards, 97

Ex-Lax, 48–49

fallacies, logical, 13–14

Farber, Sidney, 127–130, 171, 172, 174, 330

Farmer, Frances, 257

Favoloro, René, 203

Feldman, Burton, 89

Ferrara, Napoleone, 144

fever therapy, 246–247

Feynman, Richard, 20–21, 23, 303

fiberoptic endoscopy, 112

Fibiger, Johannes, 13

Fildes, Luke, 69

Fleming, Alexander, 22, 59, 60–69, 71, 78–81, 331

Fleming Myth, 78–79

Florey, Howard, 4, 70–75, 78–81

flumazenil, 364

fluoroscopy, 196

folic acid, 127–130, 330

Folkman, Judah, 140–147, 307

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 58, 152, 308

Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938), 58

Forman, David, 112

Forssmann, Werner, 195–198

Fracastoro, Girolamo, 43

Francis, Thomas, Jr., 159

Fraser, Thomas, 327

Freeman, Walter, 255–257

Freud, Sigmund, 357

Friedman, Steven, 212

Furchgott, Robert, 22, 215–219, 353–354

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), 363

Gage, Phineas, 253–254

Galen, 187

Galileo, 326

Galvani, Luigi, 348–349

galvanometer, 190–191, 194

Gardasil, 178

Garrod, A. B., 262

gas gangrene, 61

gastric cancer, 111–112

Gay, Leslie, 2

Gelmo, Paul, 53

gene chips, 162

genes

cancer-accelerating, 154–158, 182

cancer-inhibiting, 159–164, 182

Germany

pharmaceutical industry in, 49–50

textile industry in, 49

germ theory, 29–34

See also
bacteriology

Gestalt psychology, 8–9

Giardiello, Francis M., 149–150

Gilman, Alfred, 123, 125, 339

Gleevec, 162, 310

Gofman, John, 226

gold salts, 137

Goldstein, Joseph, 227–233, 311, 355

Goodman, Louis S., 123, 339

Gornik, Heather, 177

Gottlieb, Sidney, 293–295

gout, 78

government role, in medical

research, 173–175, 300–303

See also
grant application process

Gram, Christian, 331

gram-negative bacteria, 67, 85, 331

gram-positive bacteria, 67, 86, 331, 333–334