HEALTHY AT 100 (46 page)

2. Ibid. p. 69.

3. Joanne Slavin et al., “The Role of Whole Grains in Disease Prevention,”
Journal of the American Dietetic Association
2001, 101:780–85. See also D. R. Jacobs et al., “Whole-grain intake and cancer: An expanded review and meta-analysis,”
Nutrition and Cancer
1998, 30:85–96.

4. D. R. Jacobs et al., “Is whole-grain intake associated with reduced total and cause-specific death rates in older women? The Iowa Women’s Health Study,”
American Journal of Public Health
1999, 89(3):322–29. See also S. Liu, “Intake of refined carbohydrates and whole grain foods in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease,”
Journal of the American College of Nutrition
2002, 21(4):298–306; D. R. Jacobs et al., “Reduced mortality among whole grain bread eaters in men and women in the Norwegian County Study,”
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2001, 55(2):137–43; J. L. Slavin et al., “The role of whole grains in disease prevention,”
Journal of the American Dietetic Association
2001, 101(7):780–85.

5. James E. Tillotson, director of Tufts University’s Food Policy Institute, calculates
that the average American drinks the equivalent of a 55–gallon drum of soda every year. Cited in Emma Ross and Joseph Verrengia, “Obesity Becoming Major Global Problem,” Associated Press, May 8, 2004.

6. James E. Tillotson, “Food Brands: Friend or Foe?”
Nutrition Today
2002, 37:78–80.

7. “Twinkies Maker Seeking Chapter 11 Protection,” Associated Press, Sept. 22, 2004; “Bankrupt Bakery to Close Plants,”
San Francisco Chronicle
June 10, 2005.

8. James Bates, “Marvin H. Davis 1925–2004; Billionare Oilman, Real Estate Mogul Once Owned Fox Studio,”
Los Angeles Times
Sept. 26, 2004, p. A-1.

9. “Death Rate from Obesity Gains Fast on Smoking,”
New York Times
March 10, 2004, p. A-16.

10. R. Sturm, “The effects of obesity, smoking and problem drinking on chronic medical problems and health care costs,”
Health Affairs
2002, 21:245–53; R. Sturm and K. Wells, “Does obesity contribute as much to morbidity as poverty or smoking?”
Public Health Reports
2001, 115:229–95.

11. Ibid.

12. Ruth Patterson et al., “A comprehensive examination of health conditions associated with obesity in older adults,”
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
2004, 27(5):385–90.

13. Timothy B. McCall,
Examining Your Doctor: A Patient’s Guide to Avoiding Harmful Medical Care
(Carol Publishing Group, 1995), p. 242.

14. Carol Lynn Mithers, “From Baby Fat to Obesity: Why Kids Even as Young as Two Are Developing Weight Problems,”
Parenting
Oct. 2001.

15. Kelly D. Brownell,
Food Fight: The Inside Story of the Food Industry, America’s Obesity Crisis, and What We Can Do About It
(Contemporary Books, 2004), p. 41.

16. Ibid. p. 54.

17. Ibid.

18. Peter Menzel and Faith D’Aluisio,
Hungry Planet: What the World Eats
(Ten Speed Press, 2005), p. 223.

19. Ibid.

20. “Children in Britain ‘choking on their own fat,’ says obesity report,” London, Agence France-Presse worldwide news service, May 26, 2004. See also House of Commons Health Committee, “Obesity,” Third Report of Session 2003–04, Vol. 1.

21. Janet Adamy, “Some food makers trim low-carb plans as trend slows,”
Wall Street Journal
July 12, 2004, p. B-1.

22. “USA: Low-carb diets appeal to over half the population,” March 19, 2004,
www.just-food.com/news_detail.asp?art=57042
.

23. Arne Astrup, “Atkins and other low-carb diets: hoax or an effective tool for weight loss?”
The Lancet
2004, 364:897–99. See also G. D. Foster et al., “A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity,”
New England Journal of Medicine
2003, 348(21):2082–90; L. Stern et al., “The Effects of Low-Carbohydrate versus Conventional Weight Loss Diets in Severely Obese Adults,”
Annals of Internal Medicine
2004, 140(10):778–85.

24. E. C. Westman et al., “Effect of 6–month adherence to a very low carbohydrate diet program,”
American Journal of Medicine
2002, 113:30–36.

25. M. L. Dansinger et al., “Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight-Watchers,
and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
2005, 293(1):43–53.

26. R. M. Fleming, “The effect of high-protein diets on coronary blood flow,”
An-giology
2000, 51(10):817–26.

27.
Medical Opinion
1(1972):13, cited in Michael Greger, “The Skinny on Atkins,”
Dr. Greger’s Nutrition Newsletter
June 2004.

28. Cited in Michael Greger,
Carbophobia: The Scary Truth About America’s Low-Carb Craze
, (Lantern Books, 2005), p. ix.

29.
Maryland State Medical Journal
1974:70, cited in Michael Greger, “The Skinny on Atkins,”
Dr. Greger’s Nutrition Newsletter
June 2004.

30.
Chicago Tribune
, Oct. 18, 1999. See also
www.atkinsexposed.org/atkins/25/Atkins_Nightmare_Diet.htm
.

31. Robert Davis, “Weight loss doctor dies at 72 from head injuries,”
USA Today
April 17, 2003.

32. Elizabeth Cohen, CNN Medical Unit, “Heart Association to warn against low-carb diets,” CNN, March 20, 2001.

33. Ibid.

34. Arthur Agatston,
The South Beach Diet
(Rodale Press, 2003), pp. 115, 94–95.

35. “Low-carb king Atkins files Chapter 11: Company owes $300 million in outstanding principal and interest,”
CNN.com
, Associated Press, August 1, 2005.

36. Daniel DeNoon, “More Carbs, More Exercise 5 Weight Loss: Studies Link High-Fiber Carbs, Low Weight,”
WebMD Medical News
March 5, 2004. See also P. K. Newby et al., “Risk of overweight and obesity among semivegetarian, lactovegetarian, and vegan women,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
June 2005, 81:1267–74.

37. Bradley J. Willcox et al.,
The Okinawa Program
, p. 74.

38. John W. Rowe and Robert L. Kahn,
Successful Aging
(Dell, 1998), pp. 28–30.

39. George E. Vaillant,
Aging Well: Surprising Guideposts to a Happier Life
—
from the Landmark Harvard Study of Adult Development
(Little, Brown, 2002), p. 203.

40. S. Mizushima et al., “The relationship of dietary factors to cardiovascular diseases among Japanese in Okinawa and Japanese immigrants, originally from Okinawa, in Brazil,”
Hypertension Research
1992, 15:45–55. See also Y. Mori-guchi, “Japanese centenarians living outside Japan,” in H. Tauchi et al., eds.,
Japanese Centenarians: Medical Research for the Final Stages of Human Aging
(Aichi, Japan: Institute for Medical Science of Aging, 1999), pp. 85–94.

41. David Allen and Chiyomi Sumida, “Okinawans picking up dangerous dining habits,”
Stars and Stripes
Nov. 17, 2002. See also Norimitsu Onishi, “On U.S. Fast Food, More Okinawans Growing Super-Sized,”
New York Times
March 30, 2004, and “Love of U.S. food shortening Okinawans’ lives—Life expectancy among island’s young men takes a big dive,”
New York Times
April 4, 2004.

42. Spam is also popular in South Korea, Hawaii, the Philippines, Guam, and Saipan—all places (like Okinawa) where the U.S. military has had a dominant presence.

1. Weston A. Price,
Nutrition and Physical Degeneration
(Keats Publishing, 1939).

2. Ibid. pp. 170–71.

3. Ibid. pp. 174, 179.

4. Ibid. p. 186.

5. Ibid. p. 182.

6. Ibid. p. 48.

7. Ralph W. Moss, “Cancer: A Disease of Civilization?”
Moss Reports
July 23, 2002.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Vilhjalmur Steffansson,
Cancer: A Disease of Civilization?
(Hill and Wang, 1960).

11. K. Hill and A. M. Hurtado, “Hunter-Gatherers of the New World,”
American Scientist
1989, 77:437–44.

12. The Masai tribes are cattle-raising nomads whose diet is high in animal fat and cholesterol. Some people cite the low level of atherosclerosis among the Masai as evidence that eating animal fats and cholesterol does not cause coronary heart disease. However, the Masai have the benefit of a unique genetic endowment that affects their cholesterol synthesis. Roy Walford,
Beyond the 120–Year Diet: How to Double Your Vital Years
(Four Walls Eight Windows, 2000), p. 106. Furthermore, the Masai eat a large variety of wild, indigenous plants that tend to reduce cholesterol levels. Timothy Johns, a Canadian ethnobotanist who has studied the Masai diet and lifestyle, believes their high intake of wild plants helps explain why the Masai do not suffer from heart disease despite eating so much saturated fat.

13. Weston A. Price, op. cit., pp. 134, 139. Today, the Masai still place enormous value on martial prowess. Laurence Frank, who has worked in Kenya’s Masai Mara National Reserve for most of the last twenty years and is a recognized authority on developments there, says that “typically, a young [Masai] male achieves manhood by killing a warrior from another tribe during a cattle raid. Failing that, he’ll kill a lion. That’s how he proves himself worthy of taking wives.” Glen Martin, “The lion, once king of African savanna, suffers alarming decline in population,”
San Francisco Chronicle
Oct. 6, 2005.

14. Weston A. Price, op. cit., p. 54.

1. William S. Kovinski, “The Great Malls of China,”
Los Angeles Times
June 29, 2005.

2. T. Colin Campbell,
The China Study: The Most Comprehensive Study of Nutrition Ever Conducted, and the Startling Implications for Diet, Weight Loss, and Long-Term Health
(Benbella Books, 2004).

3. J. Y. Li et al., “Atlas of cancer mortality in the People’s Republic of China: An aid for cancer control and research,”
International Journal of Epidemiology
1981, 10:127–33.

4. T. Colin Campbell, op. cit., p. 71.

5. Quoted in ibid., p. 7.

6. Ibid. p. 77.

7. T. Colin Campbell and Christine Cox,
The China Project: Revealing the Relationship Between Diet and Disease
(New Century Nutrition, 1996), p. 8.

8. T. Colin Campbell, op. cit., p. 79.

9. T. Colin Campbell and Christine Cox, op. cit., p. 13.

10. T. Colin Campbell, op. cit., pp. 80–81.

11. Ibid., pp. 69–110.

12. J. M. Chan and E. L. Giovannucci, “Dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D and risk of prostate cancer,”
Epidemiology Review
2001, 23(1):87–92.

13. B. K. Jacobsen et al., “Does High Soy Milk Intake Reduce Prostate Cancer Incidence?”
Cancer Causes, Control
1998, 9:553–57. See also Health Professionals Follow-up Study, reported in “Dairy Products Linked to Prostate Cancer,” Associated Press, April 5, 2000.

14. World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research,
Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective
, 1997.

15. Ibid. p. 509.

16. In 1974, total meat consumption in China was less than 1 million tons, while in the United States it was 23 million tons. In 2005, meat consumption in China had risen to 64 million tons; in the United States, it had risen to 38 million tons. “Annual Consumption and Use of Key Resources and Consumer Products in the United States and China,” in Lester R. Brown, “China Replacing the United States as World’s Leading Consumer,” Earth Policy Institute Eco-Economy Update, Feb. 16, 2005.

17. Clay Chandler, “Inside the New China,”
Fortune
Oct. 4, 2004, p. 98.

18. Elaine Kurtenbach, “Urban China Struggles with Battle of the Bulge: High fat snacks are overwhelming the nation’s lean, traditional diet. As a result, the country is seeing a rise in obesity,”
Los Angeles Times
July 18, 2004.

19. Ibid.

20. Ibid.

21. Marc Santora, “East Meets West, Adding Pounds and Peril,”
New York Times
Jan. 12, 2006.

1. Dean Ornish et al., “Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? The lifestyle heart trial,”
The Lancet
1990, 336(8708):129–33.

2. Caldwell B. Esselstyn, “Updating a 12-Year Experience with Arrest and Reversal Therapy for Coronary Heart Disease,”
American Journal of Cardiology
1999, 84:339–41. See also Caldwell B. Esselstyn, “Resolving the Coronary Artery Disease Epidemic Through Plant-Based Nutrition,”
Preventive Cardiology
Fall 2001, pp. 171–77, and C. B. Esselstyn et al., “A Strategy to Arrest and Reverse Coronary Artery Disease: A 5-year longitudinal study of a single physician’s practice,”
Journal of Family Practice
1995, 41(6):560–68.

3. Caldwell Esselstyn, “Making the Change,”
www.heartattackproof.com/morethan04_change.htm
.

4. Quoted in Roberto Suro, “Hearts and minds,”
New York Times Magazine
Dec. 29, 1991, p. 18.

5. Dan Buettner, “The Secrets of Long Life,”
National Geographic
Nov. 2005, pp. 2–26.

6. Bradley J. Willcox, D. Craig Willcox, and Makoto Suzuki,
The Okinawa Program: Learn the Secrets to Health and Longevity
(Three Rivers Press, 2001), p. 132.

7. Thompson, Lillian, “Mammalian Lignan Production from Various Foods,”
Nutrition and Cancer
1991, 16(1):43–51.

8. “Toxic warnings grow for U.S. fish,” Associated Press, August 25, 2004.

9. There is now evidence that EPA and DHA are highly effective in preventing sudden cardiac death, death from heart disease, and certain arrhythmias. Investigations involving individual heart cells have shown that EPA plus DHA prolong the refractory state of the cells by interacting with fast-acting sodium channels and L-type calcium channels. The cardioprotective effect of EPA plus DHA is thus intimately associated with the degree to which these two fatty acids are incorporated into the heart tissue (myocardium). It is also widely recognized that DHA is of crucial importance in the proper development of a fetus’s brain, retina, and central nervous system. See J. Fernstrom, “Can nutrient supplements modify brain function?”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2000, 71(6):1669S–73S.