Heligoland (35 page)

4.   Aydelotte,
Bismarck and British Colonial Policy
, p. 71; Gillard, ‘Salisbury’s African Policy’, p. 653.

5.   Cecil,
The Life of Robert, Marquis of Salisbury
, vol. IV, pp. 291–2; Kennedy,
Salisbury 1830–1903
, p. 219.

6.   Cecil,
The Life of Robert, Marquis of Salisbury
, vol. IV, pp. 291–4.

7.   Foreign Office,
German Colonization
, p. 68.

8.   Amery,
The German Colonial Claim
, 1939, p. 60.

9.   Holland, Rose
et al
.,
Cambridge History of the British Empire
, vol. III, pp. 264–5.

10.   Sanderson, ‘The Anglo-German Agreement of 1890 and the Upper Nile’, pp. 49–72.

11.   Cecil,
The Life of Robert, Marquis of Salisbury
, vol. IV, p. 254.

12.  
Atlas of the British Empire
, p. 123.

13.   Foreign Office,
German Colonization
, p. 97.

14.   McEwan,
Nineteenth Century Africa
, p. 252; Sanderson, ‘The Anglo-German Agreement of 1890 and the Upper Nile’, p. 62.

15.   Stationery Office,
Germany
, vol. II, p. 202.

16.   Palmer,
The Kaiser
, p. 130.

17.   Foreign Office,
German Colonization
, p. 98.

18.   Louis, ‘Sir Percy Anderson’s Grand African Strategy’; Cecil,
The Life of Robert, Marquis of Salisbury
, vol. IV, p. 282; Dugdale,
German Diplomatic Documents
, vol. 2, p. 30.

19.   Sanderson, ‘The Anglo-German Agreement of 1890 and the Upper Nile’, pp. 49–72.

20.   McEwan,
Nineteenth Century Africa
, p. 252; Cecil,
The Life of Robert, Marquis of Salisbury
, vol. IV, pp. 289– 90; Dugdale,
German Diplomatic Documents
, vol. II, pp. 32–4.

21.   Palmer,
The Kaiser
, p. 39.

22.   Dugdale,
German Diplomatic Documents
, pp. 37, 41.

23.   Foreign Office,
German Colonization
, pp. 99–100.

24.   FO 881/6146.

Chapter 4: Queen Victoria Opposes

1.   Buckle,
The Letters of Queen Victoria 1862–1901
, vol. 1, p. 606.

2.   Ibid, p. 612.

3.   Ibid, p. 614; CAB 41/21/42.

4.   Robert Cecil, ‘The Danish Duchies’,
Quarterly Review
, January–April 1864, 236–87.

5.   Spinner,
George Joachin Goschen
, p. 160.

6.   CAB 41/21/42.

7.   FO 93/36/31.

8.   Spinner,
George Joachin Goschen
, p. 160.

9.   Buckle,
The Letters of Queen Victoria
, vol. 1, p. 614; C. 6043.

10.  
Hansard
, 29 June 1890, 1311.

11.   House of Commons Debate, 19 June 1890, 1370.

12.   House of Commons Debate, 24 June 1890, 1790.

13.   CO 346/6.

14.   House of Commons Debate, 25 July 1890, 922.

15.   Robert Heron-Fermor,
A Speech in Condemnation of the Cession of Heligoland,
and
Prussia in Relation to the Foreign Policy of England
.

16.   House of Lords Debate, 10 July 1890, 1258.

17.   House of Lords Debate, 10 July 1890, 1259, 1262.

18.   House of Lords Debate, 10 July 1890, 1260–1.

19.   House of Lords Debate, 10 July 1890, 1275, 1287.

20.   House of Lords Debate, 10 July 1890, 1274–5, 1290.

21.   House of Commons Debate, 24 July 1890, 800.

22.   House of Commons Debate, 24 July 1890, 957.

23.   House of Commons Debate, 25 July 1890, 976; House of Commons Debate, 24 July 1890, 756.

24.   House of Commons Debate, 24 July 1890, 787; Cecil,
The Life of Robert, Marquis of Salisbury
, p. 300.

25.   Piggott, ‘The Integrity of the Empire’, p. 240.

Chapter 5: Swapped

1.   Barkly,
Among Boers and Basutos
.

2.   Boyson,
The Falkland Islands
, pp. 155–7.

3.   Barkly,
From the Tropics to the North Sea
, pp. 120, 143.

4.   CO 346/6: 1 February 1889, 18 July 1889, 28 April 1890.

5.   Boyson,
The Falkland Islands
, p. 155.

6.   CO 346/6: 5 August 1889, 17 February 1889.

7.   Ibid, 10 March 1890.

8.   Ibid, 1 July 1890.

9.   Ibid, 21 July 1890.

10.   Ibid, 2 July 1890.

11.   Ibid, 18 August 1890.

12.   Ibid, 5 August 1890.

13.   Ibid, 23 July 1890, 31 July 1890.

14.   ADM 53/12908: 6–8 August 1890.

15.   CO 346/6.

16.  
The Times
, 11 August 1890.

17.   Barkly,
From the Tropics to the North Sea,
p. 255.

18.   ADM 53/12908: 9 August 1890.

19.  
The Times
, 11 August 1890.

20.   ADM 53/12908: 10 August 1890.

21.   Barkly,
From the Tropics to the North Sea
, p. 256.

22.   CO 346/6: 4 October 1890, 20 April 1891, 24 July 1891, 3 August 1891.

23.   Ibid, 4 October 1890, 24 October 1890.

Chapter 6: The Riddle of the Sands

1.   C. 4582–7.

2.   Cecil,
The Life of Robert, Marquis of Salisbury
, pp. 301-2

3.   Roberts,
Salisbury: Victorian Titan
, pp. 555–6. Hurd, ‘The Kaiser’s Dream of Sea Power’, p. 218.

4.   Dear,
The Champagne Mumm Book of Ocean Racing
, pp. 14–19.

5.   Drummond,
The Riddle
, pp. 57–61.

6.   Steinberg, ‘The Copenhagen Complex’, pp. 27–8; Kaiser Wilhelm II,
My Memoirs 1878–1919
, pp. 83–4.

7.   Steinberg, ‘The Copenhagen Complex’, pp. 31–3, 38.

8.   Marder,
From Dreadnought to Scapa Flow
, vol. 1, pp. 113–14.

9.   Kennedy (ed.),
The War Plans of the Great Powers
, pp. 183–90.

10.   Drummond,
The Riddle
, pp. 195–7; Kaiser Wilhelm II,
My Memoirs
, p. 232.

11.   Black, ‘From Heligoland to Helgoland’; Dugdale,
German Diplomatic Documents
, vol 3, p. 359.

Chapter 7: Churchill Prepares to Invade

1.   Lockley,
I Know an Island
, p. 164.

2.   Mackay,
Fisher of Kilverstone
, p. 455.

3.   Ibid, p. 467.

4.  
Everyman’s Encyclopaedia
, 1932.

5.   Ring,
Erskine Childers
, pp. 157–67.

6.   Churchill,
The Aftermath
, 1926.

7.   CAB 1/20/5.

8.  
The Times
, 21 September 1917.

9.   Hoehling,
The Great War at Sea
, p. 247; ADM 137/2712, ADM 137/2710; Foulkes,
The Story of the Special Brigade
, p. 240.

10.   Palmer,
The Kaiser
, p. 208.

11.   Hoehling,
The Great War at Sea
, pp. 250–2.

12.   Lockley,
I Know an Island,
p.165.

13.   Fisher,
Records
, p. 244.

14.   Ibid, p. 245.

Chapter 8: Project Hummerschere

1.   Matheson, ‘The Dismantling of Heligoland’, p. 551.

2.   ADM 195/52.

3.   FO 371/23059/C23663.

4.   FO 371/23059.

5.   Longmate,
The Bombers
, p. 64.

6.   AIR 34/681.

7.   HO 196/29.

8.   FO 371/2201.

9.   Skentelbery,
Arrows to Atom Bombs
, HMSO, pp. 169–70.

10.   Cooper,
Beyond the Dams to the Tirpitz
, p. 196.

11.  
The Times
, 20 April 1945; Brickhill,
The Dam Busters
, p. 257.

12.  
The Times
, 5 May 1945.

13.   ADM 179/537.

Chapter 9: ‘Big Bang’

1.  
The Times
, 15 May 1945.

2.   ADM 1/18270.

3.   PRO 30/26/197.

4.   BJ 1/267.

5.   Cathcart,
Test of Greatness
, pp. 43–4

6.   Richards,
Portal of Hungerford
, pp. 361–3

7.  
Daily Telegraph
14 April 1947, 18 April 1947;
Daily Express
19 April 1947.

8.   PRO 30/26/197; ADM 1/20734.

9.   Nanson, ‘Heligoland’, p.7; ES/221.

10.   FO 371/55.

11.   ES 1/3.

12.   AIR 20/7272; AIR 27/2397.

13.   AVIA 65/1153.

14.   Macbean and Hogben,
Bombs Gone
, p. 269; Rhodes,
The Making of the Atomic Bomb
, p. 589.

15.   D 2/16.

16.   AVIA 6/12298.

17.   AIR 29/1295, p. 16.

18.   AIR 2/10012.

19.   Macbean and Hogben, p. 272.

20.   PREM 8/1375.

21.   AIR 20/4752; AIR 14/4216.

22.   HO 196/28.

23.   AIR 8/2349.

24.   Bird,
Operation Hurricane
, p. 94.

Chapter 10: The Islanders Return

1.   House of Commons Debate, 28 July 1950, 910.

2.   PREM 8, Cabinet Defence Committee, 20/2/51.

3.   FO 1032/2492.

4.   FO 371/187181;
The Times
, 31 August 1964.

5.   FO 371/183181.

6.   FO 371/187181.

Chapter 11: Forgotten Island

1.   Collyer,
Rain Later
,
Good
, pp. 48–51

2.   Drower,
Britain’s Dependent Territories
, pp. 12, 146–5, 176–8.

3.   Met Office,
Sea Areas Used in BBC & GPO Bulletins for Shipping
, 2001.

4.   Durham, ‘Poole to Sweden’,
Yachting Monthly
, May 2002, pp. 39–40.

Primary sources

Private papers

Savory, Sir Douglas

D/3015/4/4
Sermon at Douglas Savory’s Memorial Service

D/3015/1/4/17
Letter from Kuclenz, 13 July 1950

D/3015/1/4/42
Letter from Foreign Office, 12 January 1952

D/3015/1/4/82
Frisian Information Bureau Bulletin, December 1957

D/3015/1/4/94
Unpublished Manuscript of book by Prof. Paul Hubbell on 1890 Heligoland Treaty

Savory, Douglas
From the Haven into the Storm: Memoirs of Professor Sir Douglas Savory
[Unpublished Manuscript]

Wallis, Sir Barnes

D 2/16
War Weapons

D 2/18
War Weapons

D 5/5
Development of War Weapons

D 5/6
Report by Air Commodore P. Huskinson on his visit to USA

British Government papers

ADM 1/52 H
Heligoland, 1890–1921

ADM 1/557
Admiral Russell, 1807

ADM 1/5121/22
Attack upon the Danish Island of Heligoland
, 1807

ADM 1/8461/153
Beatty letter to Balfour
, 21 June 1916

ADM 1/8568/260
Heligoland: Petition of Islanders for the retention of the small boat Harbour
, 1 September 1919

ADM 1/18233
Heligoland: Use as RAF Live Bombing Range

ADM 1/18270
Occupation of Heligoland and Dune: Report of Proceedings 11–14 May 1945 by Lt. Commander C. Aylwin, RN

ADM 1/20734
Demolition of Fortifications on Heligoland Island, 18 April 1947 (Operation ‘Big Bang’)

ADM 37/425
Heligoland, 1807 (Island)

ADM 37/8607
Heligoland, 1813–15 (Yard)

ADM 53/825
Ship’s Log: HMS Majestic, July 1806–April 1809

ADM 53/1067
Ship’s Log: HMS
Quebec
, 1805–1809

ADM 53/12908
Ship’s Log: HMS
Calypso
, 20 January 1890– 12 January 1891

ADM 53/67544
HMS
Vindex
: Copy of log, October 1916

ADM 179/537
Risk to shipping of reopening Heligoland Bight
, May 1945

ADM 186/567
Report on the Seaplane Operation against Cuxhaven, 25/12/1914

ADM 195/52
Heligoland: Engineering Staff of NIACC 1890–21
, February 1921

AIR 1/656/17/122/544
Air Reconnaissance in W. Portion of Heligoland Bight (December 1917)

Admiralty
North Sea Pilot
, Vol. 4, 1887

AIR 2/5060
Operation JB: Air Co-operation with the Navy

AIR 2/10012
Heligoland: Policy and use by RAF
, 29 January 1948

AIR 2/13777
Herod Committee – Part 1

AIR 8/2349
Atomic bombs: testing

AIR 14/3826
Exercise ‘Bullseye’

AIR 20/4752
‘Bullseye’ Exercises

AIR 20/6727
USAF/RAF Collaboration, 1948

AIR 20/7272
Anglo-American Bomb Trials (1945–1946) against special concrete targets at Watten, Farge and Heligoland
, Vol. 1, Reports, 1947

AIR 20/7273
Anglo-American Bomb Trials (1945–1946) against special concrete targets at Watten, Farge and Heligoland
, Vol. 2, Illustrations, 1947

AIR 20/8149
Bombs: Tallboy and Grand Slam

AIR 27/2397
Bombing of Heligoland

AIR 29/1295
Armament and Instrument Experimental Unit (Martlesham Heath), 1946–50

AIR 34/672
Heligoland (Weapons Analysis), April 1941– May 1945
, British Big Bomb Studies, Air Ministry RE8

AIR 34/681
Heligoland: Submarine basin
(September 1940– October 1944)

AVIA 6/12298
Trials of 1,000 lb (Emulsion Project)
, May 1948

AVIA 6/16181
Final Trials of Experimental Design for the 1,000 lb MC Bomb (The Emulsion Project)

AVIA 6/17799
The Ballistics of Blue Danube
, May 1949

AVIA 6/18589
Analysis of Gas Samples from the Heligoland Trials on Ammonium Nitrate
, Royal Aircraft Establishment, February 1949

AVIA 6/19446
The Effect of High Release Speed on the Design of Blue Danube

AVIA 65/1153
10,000 lb HC, MC Bomb – Air Staff Requirement OR 1001 – ‘Blue Danube’, 1946–57

BJ 1/267
Seismology, Heligoland Explosion on 18.4.47 (including explosions in Germany, Bikini, etc.)

C. 6043
Despatch to Sir Edward Malet respecting the Affairs of East Africa
, 17

C. 6046
Correspondence Respecting the Anglo-German Agreement Relative to Africa and Heligoland
, July 1890