Heretic: Why Islam Needs a Reformation Now (25 page)

19.
André Aciman, “After Egypt’s Revolution, Christians Are Living in Fear,”
New York Times
, November 19, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/20/opinion/sunday/after-egypts-revolution-christians-are-living-in-fear.html.

20.
Richard Spencer, “Egypt’s Coptic Christians Fleeing Country After Islamist Takeover,”
Telegraph
, January 13, 2013. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/9798777/Egypts-Coptic-Christians-fleeing-country-after-Islamist-takeover.html.

21.
Nina Shea, Paul Marshall, and Lela Gilbert,
Saudi Arabia’s Curriculum of Intolerance, with Excerpts from Saudi Ministry of Education Textbooks for Islamic Studies
(Washington, D.C.: Hudson Institute Center for Religious Freedom and the Institute for Gulf Affairs, 2008), pp. 7, 43. http://www.hudson.org/content/researchattach ments/attachment/656/saudi_textbooks_final.pdf.

22.
“UK Jihad Fighter in Downing Street Flag Threat,”
Scotsman
, July 5, 2014. http://www.scotsman.com/mobile/news/uk/uk-jihad-fighter-in-downing-street-flag-threat-1-3467362.

23.
Mark Townsend, “British Muslims’ Right to Fight in Syria Backed by an Ex-Adviser on Radicalization,”
Guardian
, June 28, 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jun/28/british -jidahis-syria-defended.

24.
Nadim Roberts, “The Life of a Jihadi Wife: Why One Canadian Woman Joined ISIS’s Islamic State,” CBC, July 7, 2014. http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/the-life-of-a-jihadi-wife-why-one-canadian-woman-joined-isis-s-islamic-state-1.2696385.

25.
Press Association, “British Jihadist Warns of ‘Black Flag of Islam’ over Downing Street,”
Guardian
, July 4, 2014. http://www .theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jul/04/british-jihadi-black-flag-islam-downing-street.

26.
Ibid.

27.
Jessica Stern, “Mind over Martyr: How to Deradicalize Islamic Extremists,”
Foreign Affairs
, January/February 2010.

28.
Elizabeth Dickinson, “Rise of IS Elicits Soul Searching in Arab Gulf, a Source of Funds and Fighters,”
Christian Science Monitor
, October 13, 2014. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2014/1013/Rise-of-IS-elicits-soul-searching-in-Arab-Gulf-a-source-of-funds-and-fighters.

29.
Staff, “British Jihadists Urge Their ‘Brothers’ to Join War,”
Times of Israel
, June 21, 2014. http://www.timesofisrael.com/british-citizens-urge-their-brothers-to-join-jihad/.

30.
Helen Davidson, “ISIS Instructs Followers to Kill Australians and Other ‘Disbelievers,’ ”
Guardian
, September 23, 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/23/islamic-state-followers-urged-to-launch-attacks-against-australians.

31.
See Cook,
Understanding Jihad
, and David Cook,
Martyrdom in Islam
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).

CHAPTER 8:
The Twilight of Tolerance

1.
Adam Wolfson,
Persecution or Toleration: An Explication of the Locke-Proast Quarrel, 1689–1704
(Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2010).

2.
John Locke,
The Second Treatise of Government and a Letter Concerning Toleration
(Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2002).

3.
Patrick Kingsley, “80 Sexual Assaults in One Day—the Other Story of Tahrir Square,”
Guardian
, July 5, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/05/egypt-women-rape-sexual-assault-tahrir-square.

4.
UNICEF,
Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Statistical Overview and Exploration of the Dynamics of Change
, 2013. http://www.unicef.org/publications/index_69875.html.

5.
Ali Khan and Hisham Ramadan,
Contemporary Ijtihad: Limits and Controversies
(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011), p. 59.

6.
Maribel Fierro, “Heresy and Innovation,” in
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013), pp. 218–19.

7.
Einah, “An Open Letter to Ben Affleck,”
Pakistan Today
, October 25, 2014. http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/10/25/comment /an-open-letter-to-ben-affleck/.

8.
Michael Warner, “Origins of the Congress for Cultural Freedom,”
Studies in Intelligence
38, no. 5 (1995). See also Peter Coleman,
The Liberal Conspiracy: The Congress for Cultural Freedom and the Struggle for the Mind of Postwar Europe
(New York: Free Press, 1989).

9.
Hilton Kramer, “What Was the Congress for Cultural Freedom?”
New Criterion
, 1990. http://www.newcriterion.com/articles.cfm/What-was-the-Congress-for-Cultural-Freedom —5597.

10.
Angel Rabasa, Cheryl Bernard, Lowell Schwartz, and Peter Sickle,
Building Moderate Muslim Networks
(Arlington: RAND Corporation, 2007), pp. 17–18. http://www.rand.org/pubs/mono graphs/MG574.html.

11.
Frances Saunders,
The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters
(New York: Free Press, 1999), p. 89.

12.
Barton Gellman and Greg Miller, “ ‘Black Budget’ Summary Details U.S. Spy Network’s Successes, Failures and Objectives,”
Washington Post
, August 29, 2013. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08 /29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html.

13.
Joseph Stiglitz and Linda Bilmes,
The Three Trillion Dollar War: The True Cost of the Iraq Conflict
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2008); Joseph Stiglitz, “The Price of 9/11,”
Project Syndicate
, 2011. http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-price- of-9-11.

CONCLUSION:
The Muslim Reformation

1.
Quoted in Thomas Friedman, “How ISIS Drives Muslims from Islam,”
New York Times
, December 6, 2014.

2.
Malala Yousafzai, “Malala Yousafzai: ‘Our Books and Our Pens Are the Most Powerful Weapons,’ Address to the United Nations,”
Guardian
, July 12, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/12/malala-yousafzai-united-nations-education-speech-text.

3.
Yousef Al-Otaiba, “The Moderate Middle East Must Act,”
Wall Street Journal
, September 9, 2014. http://www.wsj.com/articles/yousef-al-otaiba-the-moderate-middle-east-must-act-141 0304537.

4.
Ibid. Emphasis added.

5.
See Muhammad Abu Samra, “Liberal Critics, ‘Ulama’ and the Debate on Islam in the Contemporary World,” in
Guardians of Faith in Modern Times: ‘Ulama in the Middle East
, edited by Meir Hatina (Leiden: Brill, 2008), pp. 265–91.

6.
Geneive Abdo,
No God but God: Egypt and the Triumph of Islam
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 68.

7.
Ibid.

8.
S. S. Hasan,
Christians versus Muslims in Modern Egypt: The Century-Long Struggle for Coptic Equality
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 176–77.

9.
Abdo,
No God but God
.

10.
Yunis Qandil, “Euro-Islamists and the Struggle for Dominance within Islam,” in
The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular
, edited by Zeyno Baran (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), pp. 33–55; Hedieh Mirahmadi, “Navigating Islam in America,” in
The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular
, pp. 17–32.

11.
“The Enemies of the Muslims According to the Global Islamic Resistance,” in Stephen Ulph, “Islamism and Totalitarianism: The Challenge of Comparison,” in
Fighting the Ideological War: Winning Strategies from Communism to Islamism
, edited by Katherine C. Gorka and Patrick Sookhdeo (McLean: Isaac Publishing, 2012), p. 75.

12.
Quoted in Crone,
God’s Rule
, p. 303.

13.
Abul ‘Ala’ Al-Ma’arri [11th century],
The Epistle of Forgiveness: A Vision of Heaven and Hell
, translated by Geert Jan van Gelder and Gregor Schoeler (New York: New York University Press, 2013).

14.
France 24, “Jihadists Behead Statue of Syrian Poet Abul Ala al-Maari,” February 14, 2013. http://observers.france24.com/content /20130214-jihadists-behead-statue-syrian-poet-abul-ala-al-maari).

15.
Reynold Nicholson,
Studies in Islamic Poetry
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969).

APPENDIX:
Muslim Dissidents and Reformers

1.
See Ida Lichter,
Muslim Women Reformers: Inspiring Voices Against Oppression
(Amherst: Prometheus Books, 2009); Zeyno Baran,
The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).

2.
Zuhdi Jasser, “Americanism vs. Islamism,” in Baran,
The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular
, pp. 175–91.

3.
Akbar Ahmed,
Journey into America: The Challenge of Islam
(Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2010), pp. 238–40.

4.
Saleem Ahmed,
Islam: A Religion of Peace?
(Honolulu: Moving Pen Publishers, 2009).

5.
Baran,
The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular
.

6.
Yunis Qandil, “Euro-Islamists and the Struggle for Dominance within Islam,” in Baran,
The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular
, pp. 33–55.

7.
Lichter,
Muslim Women Reformers
, pp. 346–48.

8.
Ibid.

9.
Ibid.

10.
Samia Labidi,
Karim, mon frère: Ex-intégriste et terroriste
[“Karim, my brother: Former fundamentalist and terrorist”] (Paris: Flammarion, 1997).

11.
Lichter,
Muslim Women Reformers
, pp. 346–48.

12.
Samia Labidi, “Faces of Janus: The Arab-Muslim Community in France and the Battle for Its Future,” in Baran,
The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular
, pp. 107–22.

13.
Der Spiegel
, “German-Turkish Author Seyran Ateş: ‘Islam Needs a Sexual Revolution,’ ” October 13, 2009. http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/german-turkish-author-seyran-Ateş-islam-needs-a-sexual-revolution-a-654704.html.

14.
Ibid.

15.
Poggioli 2008.

16.
Abou El-Magd, “Egyptian Blogger Gets 4 Years in Prison,”
Washington Post
, February 22, 2007. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/22/AR2007022200 269_pf.html.

17.
MEMRI, “Egyptian Blogger Abdelkareem Suleiman Arrested for Critizing Al-Azhar Sheikhs,” December 7, 2006. http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/1967.htm.

18.
Isabel Kershner, “Palestinian Blogger Angers West Bank Muslims,”
New York Times
, November 16, 2010. http://www.nytimes .com/2010/11/16/world/europe/16blogger.html?_r=0.

19.
Diaa Hadid, Associated Press, December 6, 2010. http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2010/12/06/palestinian_atheist_jailed _for_weeks_apologizes.html.

20.
Kershner, “Palestinian Blogger Angers West Bank Muslims.”

21.
Hadid, Associated Press, December 6, 2010.

22.
Luavut Zahid, “Brandeis University: You’ve Made a Real Booboo,”
Pakistan Today
, April 14, 2014. http://www.pakistan today.com.pk/2014/04/19/comment/brandeis-university-youve-made-a-real-booboo/.

23.
Taslima Nasrin, “They Wanted to Kill Me,”
Middle East Quarterly
, 2000. http://www.meforum.org/73/taslima-nasrin-they-wanted-to-kill-me.

24.
See Hedieh Mirahmadi, “Navigating Islam in America,” in Baran,
The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular
, pp. 17–32; Yunis Qandil, “Euro-Islamists and the Struggle for Dominance within Islam,” in Baran,
The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular
, pp. 33–55.

25.
Hanne Obbink, “Muslims Are Not Allowed to Look Away Any Longer,”
Trouw
, December 30, 2014. http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/4492/Nederland/article/detail/3819986/2014/12/30/Moslims-mogen-niet-langer-wegkijken.dhtml.

26.
Ibid.

27.
Interview with al-Ansari, Al-Arabiya TV, May 11, 2007. http://www.memri.org/clip_transcript/en/1450.htm.

28.
MEMRI, “Qatari Liberal and Former Dean of Islamic Law at the University of Qatar: Arab Liberals, Secularists Are Facing Jihad,” March 17, 2010. http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/ 0/0/0/0/4041.htm

29.
Yotam Feldner, “Liberal Iraqi Shi’ite Scholar Sayyed Ahmad Al-Qabbanji Calls for Reason in Islamic Discourse and Jurisprudence,” MEMRI 937, 2013. http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/7015.htm.

30.
Ibid.

31.
Ibid.

32.
Ibid.

33.
Ibid.

34.
Ayad Jamal al-Din, “A Civil State in Which All Citizens Are Equal in the Eyes of the Law,” Middle East Media Research Institute and Al-Iraqiya TV, October 17, 2014. http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/4556.htm.

35.
Nimrod Raphaeli, “Sayyed Ayad Jamal al-Din—Liberal Shi’ite Cleric and Foe of Iran,” MEMRI, 2010. http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/3920.htm.

36.
Interview with al-Buleihi on Al-Arabiyya, MEMRI, March 30, 2010. http://www.memritv.org/clip_transcript/en/2414.htm.

37.
Interview with al-Musawi on Al-Jazeera, May 4, 2010. http://www.memri.org/clip_transcript/en/2471.htm.

•
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
•

Globally known, award-winning human rights activist Ayaan Hirsi Ali is the
New York Times
bestselling author of
Infidel
,
Nomad
, and
The Caged Virgin
. Born in Somalia and raised Muslim, she grew up in Africa and Saudi Arabia, before fleeing to the Netherlands in 1992, where she went from cleaning factories to winning a seat in the Dutch Parliament. A prominent speaker, debater, and op-ed writer, she was chosen as one of
Time
magazine’s 100 most influential people in the world. She is now a fellow at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. Hirsi Ali is the founder of the AHA Foundation.