Heretic: Why Islam Needs a Reformation Now (24 page)

8.
Discussion based on Terence Penelhum, “Christianity,” in
Life After Death in World Religions
, edited by Harold Coward (Maryknoll: Orbis, 1997), pp. 31–47.

9.
Thomas Hegghammer, “Suicide,” in
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
, pp. 530–31.

10.
Sullivan, “Three American Teens.”

11.
John Estherbrook, “Salaries for Suicide Bombers,” CBS News, April 3, 2002. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/salaries-for-suicide -bombers/.

12.
MEMRI, “Gaza Lecturer Subhi Al-Yazji: Suicide Bombers Are Motivated by Islamic Faith, Not Financial Need or Brainwashing,” 2014. http://www.memri.org/clip_transcript/en/4318.htm.

13.
Itamar Marcus, “Islamic Law and Terror in Palestinian Authority Ideology,” Palestinian Media Watch, 2002. http://www.palwatch .org/main.aspx?fi=155&doc_id=2321.

14.
Raphael Israeli,
Islamikaze: Manifestations of Islamic Martyrology
(New York: Routledge, 2003), p. 216.

15.
Al-Risala, July 7, 2001.

16.
Palestinian Media Watch, January 1, 2006.

17.
Palestinian Media Watch, “Success of Shada Promotion,” 2006. http://palwatch.org/main.aspx?fi=635&fld_id=635&doc_id =1109.

18.
Palestinian Media Watch, “Martyrs Rewarded with 72 Virgins,” 2004. http://palwatch.org/main.aspx?fi=565.

19.
MEMRI, “Ten-Year-Old Yemeni Recites Poetry about the Liberation of Jerusalem,” 2010. http://www.memritv.org/clip_transcript/en/2723.htm.

20.
Drew Hinshaw, “Children Enlist in African Religious Battles,”
Wall Street Journal
, July 1, 2014.

21.
http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/08/06/the-isis-online-campaign-luring-western-girls-to-jihad.html.

22.
Shamim Siddiqi,
Methodology of Dawah Il Allah in American Per
spective
(Brentwood: International Graphic, 1989), chapter 3, p. 33.

23.
James Burke,
The Day the Universe Changed
(New York: Hachette, 1985), p. 38.

24.
Albert Hourani,
Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age
,
1798–1939
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 41–42.

25.
Maribel Fierro, “Heresy and Innovation,” in
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
, pp. 218–19.

26.
Televised interview of Zakir Naik by Shahid Masood on ARY Digital. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jYU L7eBdHg.

27.
“Open Letter to Al-Baghdadi and to the Fighters and Followers of the Self-Declared ‘Islamic State,’ ” 2014. http://www.letterto baghdadi.com/.

28.
Timur Kuran,
The Long Divergence: How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011).

CHAPTER 5:
Shackled by Sharia

1.
Harriet Alexander, “Meriam Ibrahim ‘Should Be Executed,’ Her Brother Says,”
Telegraph
, June 5, 2014. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/sudan/10877279 /Meriam-Ibrahim-should-be-executed-her-brother-says.html.

2.
Cited in Ernest Gellner,
Muslim Society
(Cabridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 1.

3.
Patricia Crone,
God’s Rule: Government and Islam
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), p. 287.

4.
Gellner,
Muslim Society
, p. 1.

5.
Dan Diner,
Lost in the Sacred: Why the Muslim World Stood Still
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009).

6.
Ibid.

7.
http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/21/middleeast/saudi-beheading -video/.

8.
BBC, “What Are Pakistan’s Blasphemy Laws?” November 6, 2014. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12621225.

9.
Nurdin Hasan, “Aceh Government Removes Stoning Sentence from Draft Bylaw,”
Jakarta Post
, March 12, 2013. http://the jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/news/aceh-government-removes -stoning-sentence-from-draft-bylaw/.

10.
Richard Edwards, “Sharia Courts Operating in Britain,”
Telegraph
, September 14, 2008. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/ 2957428/Sharia-law-courts-operating-in-Britain.html.

11.
Maryam Namazie, “What Isn’t Wrong with Shariah Law?”
Guardian
, July 5, 2010. http://www.theguardian.com/law/2010/jul/05/sharia-law-religious-courts.

12.
Ruud Koopmans, “Fundamentalism and Out-Group Hostility: Immigrants and Christian Natives in Western Europe,” WZB Berlin, 2013. http://www.wzb.eu/sites/default/files/u6/koopmans _englisch_ed.pdf.

13.
Alex Schmid, “Violent and Non-violent Extremism: Two Sides of the Same Coin?” ICCT Research Paper, The Hague, 2014, p. 8.

14.
Ahmad ibn Nagil al-Misri,
Reliance of the Traveller: A Classical Manual of Islamic Sacred Law
(Beltsville: Amana, 1997), F 5.3.

15.
Ibid., M 10.12, p. 541.

16.
Ibid., M 3.13, M 3.15.

17.
Richard Antoun, “On the Modesty of Women in Arab Muslim Villages: A Study in the Accommodation of Traditions,”
American Anthropologist
70 (4): 671–97.

18.
Phyllis Chesler, “Are Honor Killings Simply Domestic Violence?”
Middle East Quarterly
, 2009, pp. 61–69.

19.
Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi, “The Problem of Honor Killings,”
Foreign Policy Journal
, September 2010. http://www.foreignpolicy journal.com/2010/09/13/the-problem-of-honor-killings/.

20.
Yotam Feldner, “ ‘Honor’ Murders—Why the Perps Get Off Easy,”
Middle East Quarterly
, 2000, pp. 41–50. http://www.meforum.org/50/honor-murders-why-the-perps-get-off-easy. Emphases added.

21.
MEMRI, “Egyptian Cleric Sa’d Arafat: Islam Permits Wife Beating Only When She Refuses to Have Sex with Her Husband, 2010.” http://www.memritv.org/clip_transcript/en/2600 .htm.

22.
Brian Whitaker, “From Discrimination to Death—Being Gay in Iran,”
Guardian
, December 15, 2010. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/dec/15/gay-iran-mahmoud-ahmad inejad.

23.
IRQO,
The Violations of the Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Persons in the Islamic Republic of Iran
, 2012. http://www2.ohchr.org/English/bodies/cescr/docs/ngos/JointHeartlandAlliance_IRQO_IH RC_Iran_CESCR50.pdf. See also Vanessa Barford, “Iran’s ‘Diagnosed Transsexuals,’ ” BBC, February 25, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7259057.stm.

24.
Pew Research Forum, “The World’s Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society,” 2013. http://www.pewforum.org/2013/04/30/the-worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-overview/.

25.
Daniel Howden, “ ‘Don’t Kill Me,’ She Screamed. Then They Stoned Her to Death,”
Independent
, November 9, 2008. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/dont-kill-me-she-screamed-then-they-stoned-her-to-death-1003462.html.

26.
Betty Friedan,
The Feminine Mystique
(New York: Norton, 1997), p. 144.

CHAPTER 6:
Social Control Begins at Home

1.
Michael Cook,
Forbidding Wrong in Islam: A Short Introduction
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 147.

2.
Patricia Crone,
God’s Rule: Government in Islam
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), pp. 300–301.

3.
Ben Quinn, “ ‘Muslim Patrol’ Vigilante Pleads Guilty to Assaults and Threats,”
Guardian
, October 13, 2013. http://www.theguar dian.com/uk-news/2013/oct/18/muslim-patrol-vigilante-guilty -assault.

4.
“Locals Concerned as ‘Sharia Police’ Patrol Streets of German City,”
Deutsche Welle
, 2014. http://www.dw.de/locals-concerned -as-sharia-police-patrol-streets-of-german-city/a-17904887.

5.
Pakistan Human Rights Commission,
State of Human Rights in 2013
. www.hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/report14/AR2013.pdf.

6.
Terrence McCoy, “In Pakistan, 1,000 Women Die in ‘Honor Killings’ Annually. Why Is This Happening?”
Washington Post
, May 28, 2014. http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning -mix/wp/2014/05/28/in-pakistan-honor-killings-claim-1000 -womens-lives-annually-why-is-this-still-happening/.

7.
Aymenn Jawad, Al-Tamimi, “The Problem of Honor Killings,”
Foreign Policy Journal
, September 2010. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/2010/09/13/the-problem-of-honor-killings

8.
Dawood Azami, “Controversy of Apostasy in Afghanistan,” BBC, January 14, 2014. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia -25732919.

9.
Jeffrey Goldberg, “The Modern King in the Arab Spring,”
At
lantic
, April 2013. http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive /2013/04/monarch-in-the-middle/309270/?single_page=true.

10.
Ibid.

11.
Cook,
Forbidding Wrong in Islam
, pp. 114–15, 122.

12.
Patricia Crone, “Traditional Political Thought,” in
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
, pp. 554–60.

13.
Kathy Gilsinan, “The ISIS Crackdown on Women, by Women,”
Atlantic
, July 25, 2014. http://www.theatlantic.com/international /archive/2014/07/the-women-of-isis/375047/.

14.
Nadya Labi, “An American Honor Killing: One Victim’s Story,”
Time
, February 25, 2011. http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2055445,00.html.

15.
“Brother of Slain Girls Defends Father at Vigil,” NBC News, March 9, 2008. http://www.nbc5i.com/newsarchive/15546408/detail.html.

16.
Oren Yaniv, “Pakistani Man Gets 18 Years to Life for Beating Wife to Death After She Made Lentils for Dinner,” July 9, 2014. http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/pakistani-man-18-years-life-beating-wife-death-made-lentils-dinner-article-1.1860459.

17.
“Derby Gay Death Call Leaflet Was ‘Muslim Duty,’ ” BBC, January 12, 2012. http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-derby shire-16581758.

18.
Kunal Dutta, “ISIS Suicide Bomber from Derby Thought to Have Killed Eight in Iraq ‘Could Have Been Brainwashed,’”
Independent
, November 9, 2014. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-suicide-bomber-from-derby-kills-eight-in-iraq-9849307.html.

19.
James Harkin, “Inside the Mind of a British Suicide Bomber,”
Newsweek
, November 21, 2014. http://www.newsweek.com /2014/11/21/inside-frenzied-mind-british-suicide-bomber -283634.html.

20.
“Muslim Radio Station Fined for Saying People Should Be Tortured,”
Daily Telegraph
, November 23, 2012. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/9698967/Muslim-radio-station-fined-for-saying-gay-people-should-be-tortured.html.

21.
Ibid.

CHAPTER 7:
Jihad

1.
Capital Bay News, “Lee Rigby Trial Updates,” 2013. http://www.capitalbay.com/news/432534-live-lee-rigby-trial-updates -as-michael-adebolajo-and-michael-adebowale-stand-accused-of-woolwich-soldier-murder.html.

2.
“Text from Dzokhar Tsarnaev’s Note Written in Watertown Boat,”
Boston Globe
, May 22, 2014. http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/05/22/text-from-dzhokhar-tsarnaev-note-left-watertown-boat/KnRIeqqr95rJQbAbfnj5EP/story.html.

3.
Ibid.

4.
Sebastian L. v. Gorka, “The Enemy Threat Doctrine of Al Qaeda: Taking the War to the Heart of Our Foe,” in
Fighting the Ideological War: Winning Strategies from Communism to Islamism
, edited by Katherine C. Gorka and Patrick Sookhdeo (McLean: Isaac Publishing, 2012), pp. 198–201.

5.
David Cook,
Understanding Jihad
(Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2005), pp. 32–33.

6.
Rajia Aboulkeir, “Meet Islam Yaken, a Cosmopolitan Egyptian Who Turned into ISIS Fighter,”
Al-Arabiya
, August 3, 2014. http://english.alarabiya.net/en/variety/2014/08/03/Meet-Islam -Yaken-a-cosmopolitan-Egyptian-who-turned-into-ISIS-fighter -.html.

7.
Hamas, “Boy Vows to Join Father in Martyrs’ Paradise,” 2009. http://palwatch.org/main.aspx?fi=585&fld_id=633&doc_id =2789.

8.
AIVD,
The Transformation of Jihadism in the Netherlands: Swarm Dynamics and New Strength
(The Hague, 2014). https://www.aivd.nl/english/publications-press/@3139/transformation-0/.

9.
Bart Olmer, “Threat of Jihadists Greater Than Ever,”
De Telegraaf
, June 30, 2014.

10.
Ibid.

11.
Ibid.

12.
Pew Research Institute, “Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream,” 2007, p. 6.

13.
Pew Research Institute, “Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for Extremism,” 2011, p. 4.

14.
Dominic Evans, “Exiled Cleric Who Taught UK Knifeman Praises Courage,” Reuters, May 24, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/24/us-britain-killing-bakri-idUSBRE 94N0D920130524.

15.
Patricia Crone, “Traditional Islamic Political Thought,” in
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
.

16.
Human Rights Watch, “Nigeria: Boko Haram Kills 2,053 Civilians in 6 Months,” July 15, 2014. http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/07/15/nigeria-boko-haram-kills-2053-civilians-6-months.

17.
UNHCR. 2015 UNHCR Country Operations Profile. http://www.unhcr.org/pages/4e43cb466.html.

18.
Pew Research Center, “Global Christianity: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Christian Population,” 2011, p. 64.