Hero: The Life and Legend of Lawrence of Arabia (111 page)

Arab nation:

broken promises to, 506, 697

independent, as goal, 41, 259, 260, 262, 266–67, 456, 467, 696

and Jewish nation, 399–400, 465–68;
see also
Palestine; Zionism

nebulous concept of, 260–61, 266, 268

not ready for independence, 484, 517

and Paris Peace Conference, 100, 474

ruler planned for, 277–78

and Sykes-Picot Agreement, 39, 81–82, 276, 277–78, 361, 413, 436, 465, 486, 505

United Arab Republic, 697

Arab Revolt:

amnesty proposal for, 360–61, 398–99, 400

British agencies involved in, 11–12, 45–46, 104, 284, 483

British financial support for, 20, 32, 59, 62, 69–70, 87, 109, 110, 112, 259, 285, 292, 296, 302, 375, 376, 378, 500

British policies inconsistent in, 12, 82, 88

and British promises broken, 40–41, 304, 377, 378, 401, 436–37, 465, 486

early days of, 18–21

films of, 480, 691, 692

flag of, 272

Lawrence’s fame in, 80, 296–97, 301, 321, 361, 377, 382, 493, 499, 532, 570

Lawrence’s strategies in, 81, 83, 297–303, 518, 530–31, 696

laying groundwork for, 10, 40, 61–62, 256, 259–61, 268, 284

leadership needed in, 13, 32–38

motor vehicles used in, 357–58, 359–60, 377, 396, 408–9, 580

outbreak of, 270, 291–93

positive publicity about, 361, 387

Arfaja, journey to, 86–87

Aristophanes, 401n

Armenia:

Turkish genocide of, 37, 221, 223, 263, 304, 373, 398, 475–76

U.S. lack of interest in, 476

Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 136, 141, 155, 165, 182, 222, 223, 225, 675

Asquith, Herbert H., 1st earl of Oxford, 59, 399n

Astor, Lady Nancy:

background of, 644

and Lawrence’s death, 679, 680

Lawrence’s friendship with, 134, 607n, 644–45

and Lawrence’s mother, 490

political contacts via, 652, 674–75

socializing with, 644, 648, 650, 656

Astor, Waldorf, Viscount Astor, 644

Auda Abu Tayi, 70, 85, 393, 608

at Abu el Lissal, 99–100

and Aqaba, 81, 89–90, 106, 238

in Damascus, 431, 432

as Howeitat tribal leader, 68–69, 81, 87, 99, 301, 330

journey to Aqaba, 82, 84, 86, 87, 92, 95, 100, 239

journey to Azrak, 330, 331–32

journey to Damascus, 428

military strategies of, 81, 311, 357, 394, 417

negotiations with the Turks, 301–2, 304

personal traits of, 68–69, 90

and
Seven Pillars
, 69, 80–81, 499

at Tafas, 419, 420, 421

and Tafileh, 360, 365, 366, 367

and tribal rivalries, 92, 100

and Turkish retreat, 428–29

Ault, W. O., 156

Australian Mounted Division, 333–34, 414, 429, 433, 480

Austro-Hungarian army, in World War I, 10, 232

Austro-Hungarian Empire:

collapse of, 468

surrender of, 453

war declared by, 242

Aziz Ali Bey el Masri, 13, 17–18, 19

Aziz el Masri, 259

Azrak:

headquarters in, 340–41, 402, 405

journey to, 89, 327, 328–35

Baghdad:

attempts to capture, 5, 290–91

British occupation of, 40, 268, 398

Baker, Sir Herbert, 497, 499, 638, 673

Balbo, Italo, 648–49

Baldwin, Stanley, 447, 590–91, 602, 603, 674–75

Balfour, Arthur J., 39, 440, 461–62, 463, 467, 468, 475

Balfour Declaration (1917):

controversial nature of, 261, 329, 352, 519–20

and Feisal, 306, 399, 697

and McMahon-Hussein correspondence, 453

and Palestine, 519–20

planned adjustments to, 269n

Sykes’s input into, 272, 280, 306

and Zionism, 306, 399, 453, 454, 519–20, 531

Barr, James,
Setting the Desert on Fire
, 69

Barrie, J. M., 205

Barrow, Sir G. deS., 414, 423, 425–28, 432

Basra:

British occupation of, 5, 40, 257, 259, 268, 398

military intelligence in, 273, 284, 286–87

Beach, W. H., 289, 290

Beauforte-Greenwood, W. E. G., 653

Beaumont, Thomas, 394

Beaverbrook, William M. Aitken, Lord, 564

Becket, Thomas, 405

Bedouin tribesmen:

in Arab army, 14, 19–20, 31, 54, 65, 68, 299, 306, 310, 357, 360, 370, 374, 394;
see also
Arab army

and Arab regulars, 375, 401–2, 424

British army confusion about, 380

camels of, 24, 331

characteristics of, 57, 69, 87, 94, 95, 187, 212, 296, 301–2, 311, 316

clothing of, 22

desertions of, 60, 395

food of, 26–27, 84

and guerrilla warfare, 57, 58, 306, 358, 417

guide services of, 24

Hejaz dominated by, 260, 307, 625

hostility toward Europeans, 403

intimidated by modern war instruments, 14, 19

Lawrence’s leadership of, 187, 296, 356, 367, 395, 518–19, 522

and spoils of war, 63, 66, 94, 100–101, 102, 317, 318, 339–40, 364, 380, 395, 412, 417, 427

support for Arab Revolt, 85, 91, 375

and Thomas’s film, 387

tribal animosities of, 313, 332–33, 367, 404–5, 415, 424, 425, 430–33, 518

Beecham, Sir Thomas, 480

Beerbohm, Sir Max, 153

Beersheba:

Allenby’s attack on, 331, 333–34, 352, 406

as military goal, 111, 297–98, 323

Beeson, C. F. C. “Scroggs,” 141, 142, 144, 148, 150, 156

Beirut, Lawrence’s travels in, 169, 179

Belgium, German invasion of, 242, 246, 249

Bell, C. F., 165, 178

Bell, Gertrude, 140, 516

and Arab Bureau, 273, 284

and British intelligence activities, 252, 283

death of, 626

fame of, 194

Lawrence’s friendship with, 242, 513

and Lawrence’s postwar activities, 477, 512–13, 558

personal traits of, 194, 626

and postwar diplomacy, 471, 506, 512, 517

tribal information gathered by, 242, 283, 286

visit to Carchemish, 192, 194–95

Beni Ali, Turkish massacre of, 37

Beni Sakhr tribe, 332–33, 360, 364, 391–92

Beni Salem, as date growers, 30–31

Benn, Tony, 118

Betjeman, John, 155n

Billi tribes, 65

Bir el Sheikh, journey to, 22, 26–27

Birkenhead, Lord (formerly F. E. Smith), 271, 650

Biscayne “Baby” speedboats, 649

Biscuit
(speedboat), 649–51, 652

Blake, William, 630

Blandford-Baker, Mark, 162n

Blériot, Louis, 171

Bliss, Howard S., 472n

Blumberg, Lillian, 691n

Blumenfeld, R. D., 564, 568, 630

Blunt, Wilfred Scawen, 506

Boer War, 57

Bolt, Robert, 692

Bone, Reginald, 627–29, 631

Bonham-Carter, Ian Malcolm, 550–51, 553

Borton, A. E. “BiÃy,” 606–7

Bowra, C. M., 661

Boyle, William “Ginger,” 43–44, 56, 59, 64, 65–66, 90, 301

Brando, Marlon, 692, 693

Bray, Sir Denis, 634

Breese, drill adjutant, 551–53

Brémond, Édouard, 48, 52, 60, 67, 70, 298, 458, 463

Britain:

ambitions for Middle East, 38–40, 42n, 60, 81–82, 83–84, 89, 92, 112, 253, 261, 270, 277–78, 284, 303, 504, 505, 533, 697

and Arab Revolt,
see
Arab Revolt

army of,
see
British army

and Balfour Declaration, 261, 269n, 272, 280, 306, 329, 352, 399, 453

class distinctions in, 443, 493, 535, 536, 540, 547, 584

colonial system of, 48, 686, 697, 698

the Establishment in, 182

events leading to World War I, 13, 242

Feisal’s visits to, 462–68,
464
, 486–87, 511, 610

French rivalry with, 48, 270, 275, 453, 456, 460–61, 474

German rivalry in archaeology with, 184

and gold standard, 619

and the “great game,” 631–32

honors and awards to Lawrence from, 112–13, 373, 383, 384, 447–50, 486, 516, 518

Intelligence Department, Cairo, 252–55, 257, 258, 273, 284, 291

libel law in, 592, 598, 600

MI7 in, 444

and negotiated peace, 303–6, 398–99

and Palestine Exploration Fund, 63, 83, 232–41, 246

and Paris Peace Conference, 439–40, 453, 456–59, 462, 469, 475–76, 510

promises broken by, 14, 92, 378, 398, 401, 436–37, 444, 450, 452–53, 462, 506, 564, 697