1
This is not as extraordinary as it may sound. Three sitting presidents have been sued for acts they committed before taking office. These suits, against Theodore Roosevelt, Harry Truman, and John F. Kennedy, were dismissed or settled out of court. At least six other sitting presidents have responded to written interrogatories, given depositions, and provided videotaped trial testimony “with sufficient frequency that such interactions between the Judicial and Executive Branches can scarcely be thought a novelty.”
Clinton
v.
Jones
, 117 S.Ct. 1636 (1997). President Clinton had already given videotaped testimony twice in criminal proceedings:
United States
v.
McDougal
, 934 F.Supp. 296 (E.D.Ark.1996);
United States
v.
Branscum
, No., LRP-CR-96-49 (E.D. Ark., June 7, 1996). President Carter also voluntarily gave videotaped testimony for use at a criminal trial. President Nixon, of course, produced tapes in response to a subpoena.
United States
v.
Nixon
, 418 U.S. 683 (1974). President Ford gave a deposition in a criminal trial,
United States
v.
Fromme
, 405 F.Supp. 578 (E.D.Cal.1975). Presidents Monroe and Grant answered an interrogatory and gave a deposition, respectively, in criminal cases.
See generally
Rotunda,
Presidents and Ex-Presidents as Witnesses: A Brief Historical Footnote
(1975) L.F. 1.
No sitting president has, however, “ever testified, or been ordered to testify, in open court.”
Clinton
v.
Jones
at n.14. So far.