Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (177 page)

21.
Mitani Taichir
, “The Establishment of Party Cabinets, 1898–1932,” in Peter Duus, ed.,
The Cambridge History of Japan
, vol. 6,
The Twentieth Century
(Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 55–86.

22.
Iwai,
Meiji tenn
“taitei” densetsu
, pp. 85–86.

23.
Masuda, “Tenn
: kindai,” p. 1243.

24.
It
Hirobumi,
Commentary on the Constitution of the Empire of Japan
(1906; reprint, Greenwood Press, 1978), p. 7.

25.
First used in an official document in 1881,
shinmin
became a legal term only in 1889. Until 1946, an unusually strong sense of “subjecthood” distinguished Japan from other nation-states. See Asukai, “Meiji tenn
, ‘k
tei' to ‘tenshi' no aida: sekai rekky
e no ch
sen,” in Nishikawa Nagao and Matsuya Hideharu, eds.,
Bakumatsu, Meiji-ki no kokumin kokka keisei to bunka heny
(Shinsh
sha, 1995), p. 46.

26.
For the text of the Education Rescript, see David J. Lu,
Sources of Japanese History
, vol. 2 (McGraw-Hill, 1974), pp. 70–71.

27.
Asukai Masamichi, “Kindai tenn
z
no; tenkai,” in Asao Naohiro et al., eds.,
Iwanami k
za, Nihon ts
shi, kindai 2, dai 17 kan
(Iwanami Shoten, 1994), p. 246.