Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (189 page)

89.
Kurozawa, p. 32.

90.
Ibid., pp. 49–53.
Kaik
sha kiji
was published by Kaik
sha, the army officers' friendship and aid society. For discussion of its contents from a viewpoint contrary to Kurozawa's, see Asano Kazuo, “Taish
ki ni okeru rikugun sh
k
no shakai ninshiki to rikugun no seishin kyoiku,” p. 443, n. 5.

91.
Aizawa Seishisai, of the nationalist Mito school of neo-Confucian thinkers, published
Shinron
(The new theses) in 1825. It contains the line: “Sacred integration between gods and men characterized this form of military organization.” Similar arguments could be found in the popular
Nihon gaishi
(Unofficial history of Japan), completed in 1827 by the Kyoto historian Rai San'y
, and in the thought of “men of spirit” who, in the 1860s, powered the movement to “revere the emperor and expel the barbarian.” See Bob T. Wakabayashi,
Anti-Foreignism and Western Learning in Early Modern Japan: The New Theses of 1825
(Harvard University Press, 1986), p. 174; Fujiwara,
Sh
wa tenn
no j
gonen sens
, pp. 11, 18.

92.
The idea that the emperor directly commanded the military and supervised its affairs was related to the dominant belief behind the Meiji restoration—the restoration of direct imperial rule—and therefore integral to the very notion of a
tenn
whom the Ogakumonjo sought to inculcate. See Fujiwara, “T
suiken to tenn
,” pp. 197–98.