Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (311 page)

33.
Michael Schaller, “The Debacle in the Philippines,” in Robert Love, Jr., ed.,
Pearl Harbor Revisited
(Macmillan Press Ltd., 1995), pp. 111–29; John E. Costello, “Remember Pearl Harbor,” in
U.S. Naval Academy, Proceedings
(Sept. 1983), p. 55. According to Brian McAlister Linn,
Guardians of Empire: The U.S. Army and the Pacific, 1902–1940
(University of North Carolina Press, 1997), MacArthur commanded 10,569 American troops and 11,963 Filipino “scouts,” for a total of 22,532. This force was considerably augmented in December. By the time Japan attacked, the “American contingent had increased to almost 19,000 with another 19,000 en route” (pp. 254, 245). In Washington many politicians and military officials familiar with MacArthur's weak defense setup understood that the Philippines were indefensible.

34.
FRUS, Japan 1931–1941, Vol. II
(Washington, D.C.: USGPO, 1943), pp. 266–67.

35.
Moriyama,
Nichi-Bei kaisen no seiji katei
, pp. 166–67, citing unpublished navy records, including the diaries of Vice Navy Minister Sawamoto Yorio and Fujii Shigeru of the Military Affairs Bureau of the Navy Ministry.

36.
Sugiyama memo, j
, p. 286.

37.
Moriyama,
Nichi-Bei kaisen no seiji katei
, p. 169, citing
Sawamoto nikki
, n.p., and
Kido K
ichi nikki, ge
, p. 895.

38.
Moriyama,
Nichi-Bei kaisen no seiji katei
, pp. 171–76.

39.
Robert J. C. Butow, “The Hull-Nomura Conversations: A Fundamental Misconcep-tion,” in
American Historical Review
64, no. 4 (July 1960), pp. 822–36; Butow, “Backdoor Diplomacy in the Pacific: The Proposal for a Konoye-Roosevelt Meeting, 1941,” in
Journal of American History
59, no. 1 (June 1972), pp. 48–72.

40.
Sud
Shinji,
Nichi-Bei kaisen gaik
no kenky
: Nichi-Bei k
sh
no hattan kara Haru n
to made
(Kei
Ts
shin, 1986), p. 184;
Kido K
ichi nikki, ge
, p. 897.

41.
Moriyama,
Nichi-Bei kaisen no seiji katei
, p. 177; Sud
,
Nichi-Bei kaisen gaik
no kenky
,
p. 184.