Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (354 page)

35.
Awaya Kentar
, “Nihon haisen wa j
kentsuki k
fuku ka” in
Nihon kindaishi no kyoz
to jitsuz
4: k
fuku-‘Sh
wa' no sh
en
, edited by Fujiwara Akira et al. (
tsuki Shoten, 1989), pp. 14–20.

36.
The key State Department document clarifying the unconditional surrender principle for Japan is PWC–284a of Nov. 13, 1944. For the text see
FRUS, Diplomatic Papers 1944, Vol. V: The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, The Far East
(USGPO, 1965), pp. 1275–85; for essential background see Robert E. Sherwood,
The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins: An Intimate History,
vol. 2,
January 1942-July 1945
(London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1949), pp. 690, 693–94.

37.
William L. Shirer,
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
(New York, 1990), p. 1139. Italian partisans summarily executed Mussolini on April 28, and the war in Italy ended on May 2. Hitler committed suicide on April 30. Germany's total surrender was realized by the unconditional surrender of its armed forces. After having arrested all the members of Grand Admiral Dönitz's new Nazi government on May 23, the United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and France signed the Berlin Declaration on June 5, 1945, making the nature of Germany's surrender crystal clear. See Arai
Shinichi, “Ky
kasho kentei to muj
ken k
fuku rons
,” in
Rekishigaku kenky
531 (Aug. 1984), p. 15.