Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (388 page)

28.
Nagai Hitoshi, “Fuirippin to Tokyo saiban: daihy
kenji no kensatsu katsud
o ch
shin toshite,” in
Shien
57, no. 2 (Mar. 1997), p. 58.

29.
Brackman,
The Other Nuremberg,
pp. 92, 344.

30.
Meirion and Susie Harries,
Sheathing the Sword: The Demilitarisation of Japan
(London: Hamish Hamilton, 1987), p. 149; Higurashi Yoshinobu, “P
ru hanketsu saik
: Tokyo saiban ni okeru bekko iken no kokusai kanky
,” in It
Takashi, ed.,
Nihon kindaishi no saik
chiku
(Yamakawa Shuppansha, 1993), p. 396.

31.
International Prosecution Section 315, Microfilm Reel 28, R 2/163, p. 667; and R2/147, p. 661. The first, precedent-setting Nuremberg Trial taught the lesson that crimes “against peace” and “against humanity” (or, more accurately, “the human status”) were of international concern, and that individuals, not just states, were culpable for violating them. See McCormack, Simpson,
The Law of War Crimes: National and International Approaches
, p. xxii; Simon Chesterman, “Never Again…And Again: Law, Order, and the Gender of War Crimes in Bosnia and Beyond,” in
Yale Journal of International Law
22, no. 299 (1997), p. 318.

32.
“Burning of Confidential Documents by Japanese Government,” case no. 43, serial 2, in
International Prosecution Section,
vol. 8
;
In a letter to the
Far Eastern Economic Review
(July 6, 1989), Aristides George Lazarus, former defense lawyer for Gen. Hata Shunroku, claimed that, at the urging of an emissary of President Truman, who was most likely Keenan, he had participated in saving Hirohito from the trials. “With Hata, I arranged that the military defendants, and their witnesses, would go out of their way during their testimony to include the fact that Hirohito was only a benign presence when military actions or programmes were discussed at meetings that, by protocol, he had to attend.”

33.
Yoshida,
Sh
wa tenn
no sh
senshi
, pp. 183–85.

34.
John L. Ginn,
Sugamo Prison, Tokyo: An Account of the Trial and Sentencing of Japanese War Criminals in 1948, by a U.S. Participant
(MacFarland & Co., Pub., 1992), p. 39. The IPS Language Division established Chinese and Russian sections but was never able to keep up with the demands on its services.

35.
Figures on total seating vary considerably: see Brackman,
The Other Nuremberg
, p. 89; Tokyo Saiban Handobukku Hensh
Iinkai, ed.,
Tokyo saiban handobukku
(Aoki Shoten, 1989), p. 31.