Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis (53 page)

27.    “Memorandum (by Keppler) of the Reception by the Fuehrer on the Afternoon of February 21, 1938 in the Presence of Field Marshal Goring,"
DGFP
, D 1:540. (Hereafter referred to as “Memorandum Keppler.”)

28.    Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” pp. 261-63.

29.    “Report on the Austrian Situation up to February 18, 7 p.m. [by Vessen-mayer],’'
DGFP,
D 1:534.

30.    “Memorandum Keppler/’ ibid., pp. 539-40.

31.    Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” p. 266.

32.    “Memorandum Keppler,’* D 1:540-41; Rainer to Biirckel, 6 July 1939,
NCA,
#812-PS, 3:593; Zematto,
Wahrheit,
p. 240.

33.    “Memorandum of Trip to Vienna, March 3 to 6, 1938 [from the files of Dr. Keppler]
DGFP,
D 1:559.

34.    Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” pp. 267-68, 279.

35.    Ibid., pp. 274, 277-78; Dieter Wagner and Gerhard Tomkowitz,
Anschluss,
p. 62; Zematto,
Wahrheit,
pp. 250-51.

36.    
Brutal Takeover,
p. 205.

37.    Ibid., p. 239; Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” p. 340; Ludwig Jedlicka, “Gauleiter Josef Leopold (1889-1941),” p. 153.

38.    Interrogation of August Eigruber, 3 Nov. 1945, NA, NI, p. 13.

39.    Ulrich Eichstadt,
Von Dollfuss zu Hitler,
pp. 337-38.

40.    Schuschnigg,
Brutal Takeover,
p. 239; Zematto,
Wahrheit,
p. 249; Wolfgang Rosar,
Deutsche Gemeinschaft,
pp. 185-86.

41.    “Memorandum of Trip to Vienna, March 3 to 6, 1938 [from the files of Dr. Keppler] ”
DGFP,
D 1:559.

42.    Ibid.; Wladimir Hartlieb,
Parole: Das Reich!
, p. 493.

43.    F. L. Carsten,
Fascist Movements in Austria,
p, 321.

44.    The military and air attache in Vienna to the 3 Abteilung Attachegruppe, Berlin,

12 Dec. 1937, NA, T-78, R. 456/6434545.

45.    Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” p. 272; Zematto,
Wahrheit,
pp. 249-51; interrogation of Siegfried Uiberreither, 1 Apr. 1946, NA, NI, pp. 4-5.

46.    Zematto,
Wahrheit,
p. 235; Schuschnigg,
Brutal Takeover,
p. 235. The quotation is from a speech by Hitler contained in the draft of an unidentified speech, n.d., NA, T-580, R. 61, p. 4.

47.    John Leopold, “Arthur von Seyss-Inquart and the Austrian Anschluss,” p. 83; Seyss-Inquart, “The Austrian Question,” NCA, #3254-PS, 5:597.

48.    Zematto,
Wahrheit,
p, 254.

49.    Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” p. 277; Persche, “Aktion Hudal,” 2:279-81.

50.    Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” pp. 273-74.

51.    
N.d., DGFP,
D 1:559.

52.    Brook-Shepherd,
The Anschluss,
p. 107. Schuschnigg himself admitted that the plebiscite was an “act of desperation”
(Brutal Takeover,
p. 258).

53.    Speech by Theo Habicht given on 9 Aug. 1933, NA, T-120, R. 2838/E45384, Reinhold Lorenz, Der
Staat wider WiUen,
p. 247; “Mitteilung des Landespresse Amtes,” 19 June 1936, p. 3.

54.    “The Ambassador in Germany [Wilson] to the Secretary of State,” 30 Mar. 1938,
FRUS,
1938, 1:469.

55.    Quoted in Gordon Shepherd,
The Austrian Odyssey,
p. 128.

56.    Hans Mikoletzky,
Osterreichische Zeitgeschichte vom Ende der Monarchie bis zum Abschluss des Staatsvertrages,
p. 378. Later, the ex-chancellor lowered this estimate to 65-70 percent
{Brutal Takeover,
p. 271).

57.    On the original voting conditions see Shepherd,
Austrian Odyssey,
pp. 128-29, and Rosar,
Deutsche Gemeinschaft,
p. 251.

58.    Zematto,
Wahrheit,
pp. 179, 283.

59.    Extracts from the Testimony of Defendent Keppler, “Ministries Case,” 12:768.

60.    Taylor,
Origins,
p. 143.

61.    Gehl,v4«j/na,
Germany, and the Anschluss,
pp. 186-87; H. A. Schmitt, “End of the First Republic,” p. 299.

62.    For a translation of the transcript of these conversations see “Ministries Case,” 12:718-31.

63.    Opening Statements by the Prosecution, ibid., p. 151; Leopold, “Arthur von Seyss-Inquart,”p. 2.

64.    Goring’s testimony, IMT, 9:333.

65.    John Heineman,
Hitler's First Foreign Minister,
p. 173; Radomir Luza,
Austro-German Relations in the Anschluss Era,
p. 51.

66
.    Seyss-Inquart, “The Austrian Question,”
NCA,
#3254-PS, 5:982.

67.    Gehl,
Austria, Germany, and the Anschluss,
p. 190.

68
.    Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” p. 279.

69.    Rainer to Biirckel,
6
July 1939,
NCA,
#8I2-PS, 3:595.

70.    Zematto,
Wahrheit,
p. 303.

71.    Otto Reich von Rohrwig,
Der Freiheitskampf der Ostmark-Deutschen von St. Germain bis Adolf Hitler,
p. 433; Oswald Dutch,
Thus Died Austria,
pp. 198-99.

72.    This was the opinion of Guido Zematto who, as secretary of the Front, was hardly the most objective possible observer. See his
Wahrheit,
p. 242.

73.    Ibid., pp. 234, 274.

74.    Seyss-Inquart, “The Austrian Question
NCA,
#3254-PS, 5:984; Wagner and Tomkowitz,
A nschluss
, p. 161.

75.    Walter Fembauer,
Im letzten Kampf um Oste rreich, pp.
175, 177; Zematto,
Wahrheit,
p. 242; Eugene Lennhoff,
The Last Five Hours of Austria,
p. 205.

76.    
Gehl
, Austria, Germany, and the Anschluss,
p. 192;
anonymous report from
the

files of
Richard
Riedl, NA, T-84,
R.
16/44269-70.    ,

77. Wagner and Tomkowitz,
Anschluss,
p. 132.    .'

78.    Zematto,
Wahrheit,
p. 310. On the other hand, Brook-Shepherd asserts that only 5 percent of the army consisted of Nazi sympathizers ('
The Anschluss,
p. 167).

79.    Rainer to Biirckel, 6 July 1939,
NCA,
#812-PS, 3:596.

80.    Wagner and Tomkowitz,
Anschluss,
p. 158.

81.    Transcript of Telephone Conversation between Goring and Keppler, Berlin-Vienna, 11 Mar. 1938, 20:48-20:54, “Ministries Case,” 12:729.

82.    Interrogation of August Eigruber, 3 Nov. 1945, NA, NI, p. 17.

83.    Transcript of Telephone Conversation between Goring and Keppler, Berlin-Vienna, 11 Mar. 1938,20:48-20:54, “Ministries Case,” 12:729.

84.    On the controversy about the telegram see Extracts from the Closing Statements for the Defendent Keppler, ibid., 14:133; Seyss-Inquart, “The Austrian Question,”
NCA,
#3254-PS, 5:583; Dutch,
Thus Died Austria,
p. 214; Leopold, “Arthur von Seyss-Inquart,” pp. 97-98.

85.    Wagner and Tomkowitz,
Anschluss,
pp. 139, 141-42; Luza,
Austro-German Relations,
p. 47.

86.    Rosar,
Deutsche Gemeinschaft,
p. 230.

87.    “Minute [by Altenburg],” 12 Mar. 1938,
DGFP
, D 1:585.

88.    Wagner and Tomkowitz,
Anschluss,
p. 172.

89.    Hans Volz,
et al.,
eds.,
Dokumente der deutschen Politik, 1933-1938
, vol. 6, Part 1, p. 152.

Chapter
XIII

1.    Jurgen
Gehl, Austria, Germany, and the Anschluss,
p. 194; Dieter Wagner and Gerhard Tomkowitz,
Anschluss,
p. 206; John To I and,
Adolf Hitler,
p. 618.

2.    Wolfgang Rosar,
Deutsche Gemeinschaft
, p. 306.

3.    Seyss-Inquart, “The Austrian Question,”
NCA,
#3254-PS, 5:989.

4.    Radomir Luza,
Austro-German Relations in the Anschluss Era,
p. 57.

5.    Wagner and Tomkowitz,
Anschluss,
p. 208; Karl Stadler,
Austria,
p. 150; Extracts from Closing Statements of Defendent Keppler, “Ministries Case,” 14:145.

6.    “The Charge in Austria [Wiley] to the Secretary of State,” 14 Mar. 1938,
FRUS,
1938, 1:445.

7.    Alfred Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” DOW, #1460, p. 349.

8.    Ibid.; Stadler,
Austria,
pp. 182-83.

9.    Harry Slapnicka,
Oberdsterreich,
p. 198.

10.    The quotations are from Shepherd,
The Austrian Odyssey
, pp. 135-36.

11.    
FRUS,
1938, 1:457.

12.    Sworn statement of SS-Sturmbannfiihrer Dr. Wilhelm Hoettl about SS-Sturmbannfiihrer Eichmann, DOW, #5051, pp. 16-17. Heydrich’s distrust was not limited to Kaltenbrunner and Seyss-Inquart. He also kept a file on Himmler and even Hitler. See Joachim Fest,
The Face of the Third Reich,
p. 102.

13.    Rainer to Biirckel, 7 July 1939,
NCA,
#812-PS, 3:587.

14.    Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” p. 288; Alfred Frauenfeld, “Rise of Nazism in Austria,” interrogation of Frauenfeld, 26 May 1946, NA, NI, p. 2; Luza,
Austro-German Relations,
p. 92.

15.    Gitta Sereny,
Into that Darkness,
pp. 102, 162-63.

16.    John Bembaum, “Nazi Control in Austria,” p. 230.

17.    Ibid., pp. 229, 234.

18.    Letter from an Ortsgruppenleiter to the NSDAP Kreisleitung, Feldbach, 16 June 1940, DOW, #8346, unpublished documents assembled for theflo*-W'W.s.y-/?<«
Buch.

19.    Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” p. 345; interrogation of August Eigruber, 3 Nov. 1945, NA, NI,p. 7.

20.    Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” pp. 295-96.

21.    Ibid., pp. 368-69.

22.    Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” p. 350.

23.    Ernst Starhemberg,
Memoiren,
p. 334.

24.    NSDAP Gaugericht, 19 Dec. 1939, BDC, PK, Walter Riehl folder, p. 1.

25.    Harry Ritter, “Hermann Neubacher and the Austrian
Anschluss
Movement, 1918-40,” p. 381.

26.    Luza,
Austro-German Relations,
p. 92.

27.    Starhemberg,
Memoiren,
p. 338.

28.    Max Riedlsperger,
The Lingering Shadow of Nazism,
pp. 150-51, 163.

29.    Interrogation of Siegfried Uiberreither, 1 Apr. 1946, NA, NI, p. 7.

30.    Bradley Smith,
Reaching Judgment at Nuremberg,
pp. 213-15.

Chapter XIV

1.    Gerard Silberstein, The
Troubled Alliance.

2.    Andrew Whiteside, “Austria,” p. 360.

3.    Alan Bullock, “Hitler and the Origins of the Second World War,” p. 222, also pp. 225,231-32.

4.    Ronald Smelser,
The Sudeten Problem, 1933-1938,
p. 55.

A NOTE ON THE SOURCES

The sources for the study of Austrian National Socialism are scattered among a large number of archives, libraries, and institutes in Austria, Germany, and the United States. Probably the most important documentary collection is in microfilm at the National Archives in Washington, D.C.: the
World War II Collection of Seized Enemy Records.
Of these, the most frequently cited in this study are
The Records of the German Foreign Ministry
which contain reasonably objective reports by German diplomats in Austria on various activities of the Austrian Nazi party as well as other fascist groups, especially between 1930 and 1936. The more important of these documents have been translated and published by the United States Government Printing Office in the series
Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945
,
(DGFP),
Series C, volumes I-V, and Series D, volume I.