I Can Hear You Whisper (43 page)

Note: The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. To find the corresponding locations in the text of this digital version, please use the “search” function on your e-reader. Note that not all terms may be searchable. Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.

Ackerman, Diane, 25

acoustic cues used by children, 46

acoustic glimpse, 206

acoustic-phonetic speech codes, 240

ACT admissions test, 325–26

activism, deaf

emergence of, 114–16

Gallaudet protests, 116–19,
186–89

Gallaudet University protests,
116–19, 186–89, 227, 322, 325

Lexington protests, 177–78

Advanced Bionics, 157–58

age of onset of deafness, 18

air conduction, 30

Alexander Graham Bell Association (AG Bell), 18, 224, 286, 333

alliteration, 277

alphabetic languages and alphabetic principle, 268–70

Alzheimer's patients, 126

American Asylum (later American School for the Deaf), 60, 63

American Sign Language (ASL)

appreciation for, 21

classes in, 321–22

cognitive benefits of, 293–94

and Deaf culture, 18, 288–94, 318–20, 321, 323, 326, 330–32, 333

dictionary of, 113

early roots of, 60

and education policy, 228

grammar of, 288–89, 321

linguistics of, 288–90

and Marschark, 230–31

morphological processes, 287–88

number of users, 290–91

parenting with, 21

and reading, 278–82

and spoken language acquisition, 15

tutors for, 284–85

American Society for Deaf Children, 281

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 178–79, 227–28

Amman, Johann Conrad, 55–56

anatomy of the ear, 25–27

Anderson, Natasha, 310

animal world, 42

anvil (incus), 26

architecture for the deaf, 322

Aristotle, 52

Arnold, Harold, 69, 70

articulatory-based speech codes, 240

AT&T, 69–70

The Atlantic Monthly, 177

attention

and classroom environment, 256–58

and neuroplasticity, 247–51,
254–56

and sign language, 295

audiograms, 14, 29, 30, 32, 85

audiologists, 24

audiometer, 73

audition and neuroplasticity, 250

auditory brainstem response (ABR) test, 30–31

auditory cortex, 128, 135, 137, 198, 240

auditory-motor interface, 240

auditory nerve, 27, 127

auditory shadowing, 275

Australian cochlear implants, 217, 302

“autosomal recessive” gene, 86

Ayers, John, 297, 303–4

AzBio sentences, 304–5

baby sign language, 21

Bakke, Matthew, 330–32

balance, 31

Bancroft, Anne, 110

basilar membrane

anatomy of, 26–27

Békésy's research on, 76–77

and frequencies, 26, 29–30, 31, 101, 128

and hearing evaluations, 29

and hearing loss, 31

implant compared to, 203

role of, 26

Bavelier, Daphne, 232

Bedouin communities, 289

bedtime stories, 277–78

Beethoven's Nightmare, 310–11

Beginnings, 319

Begley, Sharon, 124, 135

behaviorism, 35

Békésy, Georg von, 75–77, 106

Békésy's traveling wave, 76–77

Bell, Alexander Graham, 27, 56–57, 61–65, 196

Bell Telephone Laboratories, 69–75, 77, 100, 154–55

Bellugi, Ursula, 287, 289

Benedict, Beth, 281

Berkeley Carroll school, 212–13, 216, 307–10

Bialystok, Ellen, 291, 293–94

biculturalism, 328

Biderman, Beverly, 308, 312

“bilaterals” (double cochlear implant users), 303–6

Bilger, Robert, 106–7, 150

bilingualism

advantages of, 291–94, 333

and age of language acquisition, 251–54

bilingual-bicultural approach, 229, 328

challenges associated with, 279

ineffectiveness of, 231

bimodal hearing, 170–71, 303–6, 310, 338

Bionics Institute (Bionic Ear
Institute), 309

birds, 42–43, 48

Blamey, Peter, 309

Bloomberg, Michael, 291

Bloomfield, Leonard, 34

Boemio, Teresa, 214

bone conduction, 30

bones of the ears, 26

Bonet, Juan Pablo, 54, 56

Bories, Ellen, 153–54

Bortfeld, Heather, 282

bottom-up processing, 200

Brackmann, Derald, 155

Bradley, Ed, 181–82

Bradley, Lynette, 277

Bragg, Bernard, 110, 111

Braidwood family, 59–60

braille, 273

brain, 236–46

capacity to learn, 124

compensatory changes in, 133–37

critical periods in development of, 131–33, 153, 248

deprivation of, 130–33

division of labor, 126–28, 239

effect of deafness on, 133–37, 139

hemispheres of, 252, 271

and language, 236–46,
240
, 251–54

language processing model, 236–41

maturation of, 123–26

neural pruning in, 138

neuroimaging technology, 190–96

neurological models of hearing, 241–46

neurons of, 124, 126, 197

and reading, 271, 274–75

sensitive periods of, 131–33, 137–39

simulation vs. deprivation of, 128–29

See also
plasticity of the brain

brain stem, 127

Broca's area, 236–38

Bruce, Robert, 63

Bryant, Peter, 277

Cajal, Santiago Ramón y, 131

California, 270–71

Camus, Albert, 334

Canlon, Barbara, 77

Casterline, Dorothy, 112, 113

categories of hearing loss, 17

The Cat in the Hat (Dr. Seuss), 246

causes of hearing loss, 85–88

Center for Hearing and Communication, 176, 286

Center for Reading and Language Research, 268

central auditory system, 126–28, 127

Central Institute for the Deaf, 225–26

Charlotte's Web (White), 271

children

brain maturation of, 123–26

capacity to learn, 124

cues used by, 46–48

Deaf community on implantation of, 158, 179–83, 328

earliest implant recipients, 175–77, 181–83

ethical considerations regarding implants, 174–75

FDA approval of implants for, 158, 176, 179, 183

language acquisition of, 34–35, 37–39

milestones in, 6–7, 31

multilingualism of, 45–46

native language of, 45–46

original language generation of, 42

and parents' vocabulary, 39–41

preference for speech, 45

and reading skills, 277–78

researchers' interest in, 173–74, 175

and sensitive periods for hearing and brain development, 137–39

and sign language, 47

and speech perception, 43–45

Children of a Lesser God (1987), 116, 321

children of deaf adults (CODAs), 114–15

Chomsky, Noam, 34–35

Christiansen, John, 328

civil rights movement. See activism, deaf

Clark, Graeme

background of, 141–43

and Cochlear Corporation, 157,
160, 176

development of implant, 140–41, 143–44

first recipients of implants, 144–50

and pediatric patients, 173–74, 175

speech processing program of, 147–48, 204

Clarke, John, 61

Clarke School, 61, 82–85, 122,
210–13, 286

class divisions and language acquisition, 39–41

classical music, 308

classroom environments, 255. See also education

Clerc, Laurent, 60

cochlea

anatomy of, 26–27

and auditory nerve, 127

Békésy's research on, 76–77

and electrode placement, 220–21

in Mondini dysplasia/deformity, 87

role of, 26

Cochlear Corporation, 157, 160, 176. See also Clark, Graeme

Cochlear Implant Lab, 297

cochlear implants, 161

activation of, 166–69

and age of recipients, 225

and Alex's hearing loss, 209, 260, 264, 285–86

ASL sign for, 180

and attention, 258

Australian device, 142–50, 160, 302

barriers to the market, 156–57

Bilger report on, 106–7, 175

and brain physiology, 338–39

and brain processing of sound, 194–95

candidacy requirements, 303

for children, 173–74, 175–77,
179–84, 319

clinical trials for, 222

and the “cocktail party problem,” 297–99, 301–6

and cognition and education, 229–35

and continuous interleaved sampling (CIS), 217–18

contrasted with natural hearing, 218–22

controversy surrounding, 16–17, 22–23

credit for invention of, 93, 157

current practices, 278–79

Deaf community's reaction to, 158, 179–81, 182–84, 318–20, 326–29, 331–33

and degraded hearing conditions, 203

description of device, 160–61,
161

earliest implant recipients, 184

early theory of, 94–95

and electrode placement, 220–21

Eyriès and Djourno's early progress on, 92–93

FDA approval of, 157, 158, 176, 179, 183

and frequency, 101

and hearing aids (bimodal hearing), 170–71, 303–6, 310, 338

House's device, 97–98, 105–7

House's pioneering role in, 89–90

implanting of device, 159–62, 167

and language development, 212–16, 224–25, 244

and lipreading, 107

manufacturing of, 157

and meningitis risks, 183–84

Michelson's device, 106–7

multichannel implants, 106–7, 140, 155–56, 175, 177

and music, 307–10, 312–13

National Association of the Deaf's position on, 22–23, 182–83, 319

and pitch perception, 100, 101

and reading, 279

San Francisco device, 150–55, 157–58

and sensitive periods for hearing and brain development, 137–39

and sign language, 285

Simmons' device, 99–100, 140

single-channel implants, 97–98, 105–8, 140, 153–54, 155, 157

and speech perception, 106–8

and spoken language, 241, 260, 280–82

success of, 157

and support networks, 336–38

and Swiller, 283

Utah device, 155–56, 158

varied results with, 222–29

cochlear nuclei, 127–28, 198

“cocktail party problem,”
297–99, 301–6

code-cracking capacity, 271

cognitive function, 232

cognitive research and bilingualism, 293

Cogswell, Alice, 59

Cogswell, Mason Fitch, 59

Cohen, Noel, 176

Cole, Janis, 321–22, 332–34

Columbia Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind, 60, 61

compensatory changes in the brain, 133–37

computations in the brain, 201

concentration, 247. See also attention

congenital hearing loss, 85–86

connexin 26 (autosomal recessive gene), 86

consonants, 72, 81

Contact (1997), 205

continuous interleaved sampling (CIS), 202, 217–18, 301, 306

Cook, Sarah, 297, 303–4, 305

cortical auditory evoked potential (CAEP), 137–38

cortical glimpse, 206

critical bandwidth concept, 154

critical periods in brain development, 131–33, 153, 248

Croneberg, Carl, 112, 113

CT (computed tomography)
scans, 86–87

Cued Speech, 228–29

cues used by children, 46–48

cultural bias, 331

curricular practices, 271

Dallos, Peter, 77

Davies, Bryn, 175–76

Deaf Cognition (Hauser), 232, 233, 235

Deaf community and culture

and American Sign Language, 288–94, 318–20, 321, 323, 326, 330–32, 333

on children and cochlear implantation, 158, 179–83, 328

and deaf of deaf, 15–16, 110, 233, 234–35, 320

demographics of, 290–91, 319

development of, 114–16

and educational underachievement, 21–22

Gallaudet University protests,
116–19, 186–89, 227, 322, 325

Deaf community and culture (cont.)

leaders of, 227

Lexington protests, 177–78

and oralism, 185–86

reaction to cochlear implants, 158, 179–81, 182–84, 318–20, 326–29, 331–33

rejection of deafness as disability, 116, 177–79

Deaf in America (Padden and Humphries), 115–16

Deaf Liberation Front, 183

Deaf Life magazine, 180–81

Deafness: An Autobiography (Wright), 54

deaf of deaf, 15–16, 110, 233, 234–35, 320

Deaf President Now protests (Gallaudet University), 116–19, 186, 227, 322, 325

Deaf Pride, 289

Deaf Space, 322

deaf vs. Deaf, 18, 115

decibels (dB), 27

Dehaene, Stanislas, 274

dementia, 293

demographics of deaf population, 14, 290–91, 319

dendritic spines, 197

Denworth, Alex

activation of device, 166–69

birthday party, 209

cause of hearing loss, 87–88

decision to implant, 120–23

degree of deafness, 30–31, 120

early concerns about, 3–8, 10–12

education of, 79, 82–85, 210–13

evaluations of, 8–10, 24–25, 28–32, 85–88, 199, 202, 211, 213–15

and family relocation, 335–40

hearing aids of, 78–79, 82, 84, 122, 170–71, 305

identity of, 215–16

language development of, 32, 121, 122, 165–66, 171–72, 244–45, 246

and localizing sounds, 300, 305

and loss of residual hearing, 259–65