IBM and the Holocaust (95 page)

1. FBI, Case Report, File No. 65-290, Georg Ruthe, October 11, 1940, April 8, 1941, NA RG59 800.20211; FBI, Case Report File No. 65-205, NA RG59 862.20211.
   
2. Letter, F.W. Nichol to Sumner Welles, June 10, 1940 NA RG 59 800.20211.
   
3. FBI, Case Report, File 65-290, Georg Ruthe, April 8, 1941, p. 2, NA RG 59 800.20211.
   
4. FBI, Case Report, File 65-290, Georg Ruthe, October 11, 1940, pp. 1, 2, April 8, 1941, NA RG59 800.20211.
   
5. FBI, Case Report, File 65-290, Karl Georg Ruthe, October 2, 1940, p. 1, October 11, 1940, p. 1, NA RG59 800.20211.
   
6. Letter, F.W. Nichol to Sumner Welles, June 10, 1940, NA RG59 800.20211.
   
7. Letter, F.W. Nichol to Sumner Welles, June 10, 1940, NA RG59 800.20211.
   
8. FBI, Case Report, File 65-721, Karl Georg Ruthe, October 2, 1940, NA RG 59 800.20211.
   
9. "200 Planes Drop 1,100 Bombs on Paris,"
   NYT
   , June 4, 1940.
   
10. " 'Better Learn German,' Nazi Says to a Brazilian,"
    NYT,
    June 4, 1940.
    
11. "Refugee Describes Netherland Dread,"
    NYT
    , June 7, 1940; "French Admit Loss,"
    NYT
    , June 7, 1940; "From the European Cauldron,"
    American Hebrew,
    June 7, 1940.
    
12. "1937 Hitler Decoration Is Returned by Watson,"
    NYT
    , June 7, 1940; William Rodgers,
    Think: A Biography of the Watsons and IBM
    (New York: Stein and Day, 1969), p. 127.
    

IX: THE DEHOMAG REVOLT

1. Letter, H. Rottke to W. Heidinger, June 10, 1940, IBM Files.
   
2. Transcript, H.K. Chauncey Interview with K. Hummel, circa November 1940, IBM Files; Telephone Message, P. Taylor, August 19, 1940, IBM Files;
   Volkischer Beobachter
   , June 9, 1940, cited in Letter, H. Rottke to W. Heidinger, June 10, 1940, IBM Files.
   
3. Transcript, H.K. Chauncey Interview with K. Hummel, circa November 1940, p. 2, IBM Files; Letter, H. Rottke to Thomas J. Watson, June 10, 1940, pp. 1, 2, IBM Files; Telephone Message, P. Taylor, August 19, 1940, IBM Files.
   
4. Transcript, H.K. Chauncey Interview with K. Hummel, circa November 1940, p. 2, IBM Files; Memorandum, H.K. Chauncey to Thomas J. Watson, March 2, 1941, IBM Files.
   
5. Protocol, Dehomag Board Meeting, July 15, 1940, p. 2, IBM Files; Letter, Dehomag to P. Taylor, July 15, 1940, IBM Files.
   
6. Protocol, Dehomag Board Meeting, July 15, 1940, p. 2, IBM Files.
   
7. Protocol, Dehomag Board Meeting, July 15, 1940, p. 1, IBM Files.
   
8. Protocol, Dehomag Board Meeting, July 15, 1940, p. 2, IBM Files; Letter, Dehomag to P. Taylor, July 15, 1940, IBM Files.
   
9. Letter, Dehomag to P. Taylor, July 15, 1940, IBM Files.
   
10. Letter, Dehomag to P. Taylor, July 15, 1940, IBM Files.
    
11. Letter, Dehomag to P. Taylor, July 15, 1940, IBM Files.
    
12. Minutes, Dehomag Shareholder Meeting, July 29, 1940, pp. 2, 3, IBM Files.
    
13. Minutes, Dehomag Shareholder Meeting, July 29, 1940, p. 2, IBM Files.
    
14. H.J. Carter, Draft Interview Notes with J.W. Schotte, June 14-16, 1943, p. 20, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; "Aus der Geschichte der Deutschen Hollerith Maschinen Gesellschaft,"
    Hollerith Nachrichten (HN)
    55 (November 1935): 730; also see Bradley E. Schaefer, "Conjunctions That Changed the World,"
    Sky & Telescope Magazine
    , 1998, p. 33.
    
15. Memorandum, H.K. Chauncey, December 17, 1940, IBM Files; Transcript of August 19, 1940, Radiogram, P. Taylor to Thomas J. Watson, circa November 21, 1940, p. 3, IBM Files.
    
16. Minutes, Dehomag Shareholder Meeting, July 29, 1940, pp. 2, 3, IBM Files.
    
17. Summary of Enemy Economic Developments, #110, Ministry of Economic Warfare, p. 9, October 22, 1941, PRO FO/837/441; H.J. Carter, Draft Interview Notes with J.W. Schotte, June 14-16, 1943, p. 9, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; "Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH: Confidential Report 242," pp. 1, 4, 6, 9, submitted by Harold J. Carter, December 8, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; "Inventory of Card Printing Machinery in Foreign Countries of December 1941," circa 1942, p. 37, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; "CEC Quarterly Report, Fourth Quarter 1942," Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
    
18. Cablegram, W.C. Lier to H.K. Chauncey, July 14, 1941, IBM Files; "Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH: Confidential Report 242," pp. 6, 8, 10, submitted by Harold J. Carter, December 8, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; H.J. Carter, Draft Interview Notes with J.W. Schotte, June 14-16, 1943, p. 9, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
    
19. Letter, SS-Major Dreher to Inspector for Statistics, November 30, 1942, BA NS 48/6; "Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH: Confidential Report 242," p. 4, submitted by Harold J. Carter, December 8, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; Cablegram, W.C. Lier to H.K. Chauncey, July 14, 1941, IBM Files; "Tool-machines Already Ordered for the Sindelfingen Factory," December 1, 1937, pp. 1-3, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60;
    "Vorschlage zur Erfassung dos im RuS-Hauptamt ruhendan erbweissenschaftlichen und
    bevolker ungsspolitschen Materials,"
    November 11, 1941, p. 2, BA NS 48/6.
    
20. "Vorschlage zur Erfassung dos im RuS-Hauptamt ruhendan erbweissenschaftlichen und
    bevolkerungsspolitschen Materials,"
    November 11, 1941, p. 2, BA NS 48/6.
    
21. "Vorschlage zur Erfassung dos im RuS-Hauptamt ruhendan erbweissenschaftlichen und
    bevolkerungsspolitschen Materials,"
    November 11, 1941, p. 2, BA NS 48/6.
    
22. "Vorschlage zur Erfassung dos im RuS-Hauptamt ruhendan erbweissenschaftlichen und
    bevolkerungsspolitschen Materials,"
    November 11, 1941, p. 2, BA NS 48/6.
    
23. Letter, SS-Major Dreher to Inspector for Statistics, November 30, 1942, BA NS 48/6.
    
24. "Demands of CEC," circa June 1944, pp. 1, 4, 5, NA RG242 T73, Reel 8, RmfRuK/173, Frames 1057532, 1057535, 1057536; Letter, Maschinelles Berichtwesen to Herbst, August 3, 1944, NA RG242, T-73 Reel 8, RmfRuK/173; List of Machines in Contract of German Military High Command, September 5, 1941, NA RG242, T73 Reel 11, Frames 1057616-1057617; also see Letter, P. Taylor to F.W. Nichol, August 20, 1940, p. 2, IBM Files.
    
25. Letter, P. Taylor to F.W. Nichol, August 20, 1940, p. 2, IBM Files; James Connally,
    History
    of Computing in Europe
    (IBM World Trade Corporation, circa 1967), pp. 33, 34; see Letter, W.C. Lier to H.K. Chauncey, October 10, 1941, pp. 6, 7, IBM Files; "CEC I.B.M. Subsidiary in France: Confidential Report 332," p. 2, submitted by Harold J. Carter, April 10, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; Groupe Bull Chronology
    perso.club-internet.fr/febcm/english/chronoa3.htm
    , pp. 1-2.
    
26. Memorandum, H. Albert to H.K. Chauncey, circa Fall 1940, pp. 3-4, IBM Files.
    
27. Memorandum, H. Albert to H.K. Chauncey, circa Fall 1940, p. 4, IBM Files.
    
28. Memorandum, H. Albert to H.K. Chauncey, circa Fall 1940, pp. 3-4, IBM Files.
    
29. Letter, P. Taylor to F.W. Nichol, August 20, 1940, p. 2, IBM Files.
    
30. Transcript of August 19, 1940 Radiogram, P. Taylor to Thomas J. Watson, circa November 21, 1940, p. 1, IBM Files.
    
31. Transcript of August 19, 1940 Radiogram, P. Taylor to Thomas J. Watson, circa November 21, 1940, p. 1, IBM Files.
    
32. Transcript of August 19, 1940 Radiogram, P. Taylor to Thomas J. Watson, circa November 21, 1940, p. 1, IBM Files.
    
33. Transcript of August 19, 1940 Radiogram, P. Taylor to Thomas J. Watson, circa November 21, 1940, p. 1, IBM Files.
    
34. Transcript of August 19, 1940 Radiogram, P. Taylor to Thomas J. Watson, circa November 21, 1940, pp. 1-2, IBM Files.
    
35. Transcript of August 19, 1940 Radiogram, P. Taylor to Thomas J. Watson, circa November 21, 1940, p. 2, IBM Files.
    
36. Transcript of August 19, 1940 Radiogram, P. Taylor to Thomas J. Watson, circa November 21, 1940, pp. 2-3, IBM Files.
    
37. Transcript of August 19, 1940 Radiogram, P. Taylor to Thomas J. Watson, circa November 21, 1940, p. 5, IBM Files.
    
38. Transcript of August 19, 1940 Radiogram, P. Taylor to Thomas J. Watson, circa November 21, 1940, p. 5, IBM Files.
    
39. Memorandum, H.K. Chauncey to IBM NY, March 10, 1941, pp. 1, 4, 5, IBM Files; Letter, W.C. Lier to Harrison K. Chauncey, October 10, 1941, pp. 8-9, IBM Files.
    
40. Letter, P. Taylor to F.W. Nichol, August 20, 1940, p. 2, IBM Files; Bruce Clements,
    From
    Ice Set Free: The Story of Otto Kiep
    (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1972), p. 162; Dehomag Meeting Minutes, August 31, 1940, p. 1, IBM Files.
    
41. Letter and Attachment, P. Taylor to F.W. Nichol, August 20, 1940, IBM Files.
    
42. Typescript Notes, H.K. Chauncey, December 19, 1940, IBM Files; H.K. Chauncey, "Program," October 20, 1940, p. 2, IBM Files.
    
43. Letter Attachment, P. Taylor to F.W. Nichol, August 20, 1940, IBM Files; Letter, Thomas J. Watson to W. Heidinger, October 2, 1940, p. 2, IBM Files.
    
44. Radiogram, P. Taylor to Thomas J. Watson, August 19, 1940, IBM Files; Letter, J.C. Milner to P. Taylor, July 15, 1940, IBM Files; Letter, P. Taylor to F.W. Nichol, September 12, 1940, IBM Files; Telephone Message Transcript, H.K. Chauncey to P. Taylor, September 30, 1940, IBM Files.
    
45. Memorandum, H. Albert to IBM NY, circa Fall 1940, p. 7, IBM Files.
    
46. Memorandum, H. Albert to IBM NY, circa Fall 1940, p. 8, IBM Files.
    
47. Memorandum, H. Albert to IBM NY, circa Fall 1940, p. 9, IBM Files.
    
48. Telephone Message, P. Taylor to IBM NY, September 30, 1940, p. 1, IBM Files; Transcript of Conversation between H.K. Chauncey and K. Hummel, circa 1940, p. 3, IBM Files; Letter, P. Taylor to F.W. Nichol, August 20, 1940, p. 1, IBM Files.
    
49. Telephone Message, P. Taylor to IBM NY, September 30, 1940, p. 1, IBM Files; Letter, P. Taylor to F.W. Nichol, September 12, 1940, IBM Files.
    
50. Transcript, Telephone Message, P. Taylor to IBM NY, September 30, 1940, p. 2, IBM Files.
    
51. Letter, P. Taylor to F.W. Nichol, September 12, 1940, pp. 1-2, IBM Files; Memorandum, H. Albert to IBM NY, circa Fall 1940, IBM Files.
    
52. Draft Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, circa 1937, p. 2, IBM Files.
    
53. Letter, P. Taylor to F.W. Nichol, September 12, 1940, p. 2, IBM Files.
    
54. Memorandum, H. Albert to IBM NY, circa Fall 1940, p. 7, IBM Files.
    
55. Memorandum, H. Albert to IBM NY, circa Fall 1940, p. 8, IBM Files; Confidential Memorandum, H. Albert to H.K. Chauncey, circa December 1940, p. 8, IBM Files; Letter, G.H. Hackworth to IBM NY, June 8, 1943, cited in "S.A. Watson Italiana: Confidential Report 287," Appendix A, p. 2, submitted by Harold J. Carter, February 21, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
    
56. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 1, July 10, 1945, IBM Files; H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 2, July 14, 1945, IBM Files; Memorandum, H. Albert to IBM NY, circa Fall 1940, pp. 11-14, IBM Files.
    
57. H.B. Fellinger, General Report, August 8, 1945, pp. 1, 5, 6, IBM Files.
    
58. Transcript of Conversation between H.K. Chauncey and K. Hummel, circa 1940, IBM Files.
    
59. H.J. Carter, "Memorandum for the Files," May 16, 1944, pp. 2-3, Department of Justice War Division Economic Warfare Section NA RG 60; H.J. Carter, "Control in Business Machines," circa Spring 1943, p. 8, Department of Justice War Division Economic Warfare Section NA RG60.
    
60. Affidavit, R.A. Virgile, August 8, 1944, NA RG242 Frame 1053876; see H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 7, August 4, 1945, pp. 1-3, IBM Files; Draft of contract between MB and CEC, circa 1940, NA RG242, T-73 Reel 11 RmfRuK/297.
    
61. Connally, pp. 31, 42, 44.
    
62. "Justice in 2 Weeks Seen by Boro Expert,"
    Brooklyn Eagle,
    August 28, 1940, NA RG59, 740.00119 European War 1939/497; Letter, W.G. Wilson to City Editor, September 6, 1940, NA RG59, 740.00119 European War 1939/497; Letter, T.J. Watson to W. Ross, September 6, 1940, NA RG59, 740.00119 European War 1939/497; Letter, T.J. Watson to Cordell Hull, September 6, 1940, NA RG59, 740.00119 European War 1939/497; Letter, P.T. Culbertson to T.J. Watson, September 16, 1940, NA RG59, 740.00119 European War 1939/497; Letter, Adolf A. Berle, Jr., to J.E. Hoover, September 18, 1940, NA RG59, 740.00119 European War 1939/497. See Letter, M.F. Perkins to Cordell Hull, October 5, 1940, NA RG59, 164.12/2778; also see Letter, Cordell Hull to Stockholm, September 11, 1942, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
    
63. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Franklin D. Roosevelt, April 27, 1937, NA RG59, 711.0012 AntiWar/1521; Letter, Cordell Hull to Thomas J. Watson, May 3, 1937, NA RG59, 711.0012 AntiWar/1521; see Letter, F.W. Nichol to Cordell Hull, October 21, 1938, NA RG59, 123C11/574; Letter, H.M. Cochran to Cordell Hull, August 26, 1937, p. 2, NA RG59, 651.003/715.
    
64. Letter, M. Cochran to Cordell Hull, August 26, 1937, p. 2, NA RG59, 651.003/715; Letter and Reply Letters, W.A. Burton to Harry C. Hawkins, September 20, 1937, NA RG59, 611.60F31/311; see Letter, U.S. Embassy Moscow to Cordell Hull, September 21, 1936, NA RG59, 661.1115 Amtorg Trading Corp./175; also see Letter, Frederick P. Hibbard to Cordell Hull, September 28, 1938, pp. 1-2, NA RG59, 160/1400.
    
65. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Cordell Hull, February 12, 1937, NA RG59, 600.00171/369.
    
66. Letter, Loy W. Henderson to Cordell Hull, September 21, 1936, State Department No. 1906, NA RG59 661.1115 Amtorg Trading Corp./175 and Attachments; Letter and Attachments, Thomas J. Watson to Franklin D. Roosevelt, April 27, 1937, NA RG59, 711.0012 Anti-War/1521.
    
67. H.M. Cochran to Cordell Hull, August 26, 1937, NA RG59, 651.003/715; Report, W.A. Burton to Harry C. Hawkins, September 20, 1937, NA RG59 611.60F31/311.
    
68. Report No. 543, Frederick P. Hibbard to Cordell Hull, September 28, 1938, pp. 1-2, NA RG59.160/1400; Report No. 494 and Attached Enclosure, Francisco Ugarte to Cordell Hull, September 30, 1938, NA RG59.352.115/365.
    
69. Letter, F.W. Nichol to Cordell Hull, October 21, 1938, NA RG59.123C11/574.
    
70. Report No. 35, Florence J. Harriman to Cordell Hull, September 23, 1937, p. 2, NA RG59 032/1065; Report, Fletcher Warren to Cordell Hull, June 14, 1938, pp. 2-3, NA RG59, 660N.00171/1.
    
71. Letter, Harry A. Havens to Frances Munos, May 3, 1943, NA RG59 125.840H3/ 5-345.
    
72. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to W. Heidinger, October 2, 1940, IBM Files.
    
73. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to W. Heidinger, October 2, 1940, pp. 1, 2, 4, IBM Files.
    
74. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to W. Heidinger, October 2, 1940, pp. 1, 2, IBM Files.
    
75. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to W. Heidinger, October 2, 1940, p. 3, IBM Files.
    
76. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to W. Heidinger, October 2, 1940, pp. 2-3, IBM Files; H.K. Chauncey, "Program," October 20, 1940, pp. 5-6, IBM Files; "Memorandum Regarding Conversations Relating to the Interest of IBM in Dehomag," circa Winter 1941, pp. 1, 2, IBM Files; "Memorandum on Dehomag," circa 1940, pp. 1-2, IBM Files; H.K. Chauncey, Memorandum on Heidinger, circa 1940, IBM Files.
    
77. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to W. Heidinger, October 2, 1940, pp. 2-3, IBM Files.
    
78. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to W. Heidinger, October 2, 1940, p. 3, IBM Files.
    
79. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to W. Heidinger, October 2, 1940, p. 3, IBM Files.
    
80. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to W. Heidinger, October 2, 1940, pp. 3-4, IBM Files.
    
81. H.K. Chauncey, "Program," October 20, 1940, p. 2, IBM Files.