Inside Syria: The Backstory of Their Civil War and What the World Can Expect (42 page)

Lloyd, Richard,
104

Lloyd George, David,
35
,
37
,
42

Local Coordinating Committees (LCC),
85
–
86
,
88
,
89
,
174
,
240

author meeting with,
15
–
16

Lodge, Henry Cabot,
47

London Review of Books
(newspaper),
103
–
104

Lund, Aron,
92
,
98

MacMahon, Henry,
26

Mahabad Republic (Kurdish People's Government),
170
–
71

Mahmoud,
84
–
85
,
120

Majdal Shams (in Golan),
193
,
195
–
96

Makhlouf, Rami,
73
,
129
,
180

Maliki, Nouri al-,
97
,
98
,
99
,
240

Maloof, F. Michael,
108

Maragha, Said Musa,
66
–
67

Marandi, Sayed Mohammad,
163

Marashi, Reza,
163

Marks, Simon,
33
–
34

Marks and Spencer (retail chain),
34

Maronite Christians,
29
,
50
,
67
–
68
,
248

Martyrs of Mecca,
187

Marxism combining with pan-Arabism,
60

Maryam,
136
–
37

massacres,
68
,
70
,
96
,
101
–
105
,
110
–
12
,
113
,
141
–
42
,
240
,
248
,
253
,
254

Mawaleh
(on-line magazine),
88

Maydan, Syria,
53

McCain, John,
95
,
222

medicines, lack of in Iran because of sanctions,
159
–
60

Mehmed V (Ottoman sultan),
25
–
26

Melkite Catholic,
137

Mennagh airbase,
98
,
253

Meshal, Khaled,
209

Mexican revolution of 1910,
25

Middle East Institute,
150

Mirsky, Georgi,
230

“mission creep,”
221

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (shah of Iran),
145
,
171

Moqebleh Camp,
167

Morsi, Mohammed,
11
,
138
,
234

Mosaddegh, Mohammad,
145

Moscow Times
(newspaper),
228

Mosul, Iraq,
28
,
99

Mother Jones
(magazine),
173

Mount Lebanon,
49

Mount Qasioun military complex,
104
,
199

Mousavi, Mir Hussain,
145

Mubarak, Hosni,
11
,
207
,
250

Mubarakiyah, Syria,
94
–
95

Muhammad, Qazi,
170
,
171

Mukhabarat [Military Intelligence Directorate],
90
,
241

author interview with member of,
139
–
40

Musa, Abu,
248

Mushaweh, Omar,
18
,
93
,
187
–
88

Muslim, Saleh,
184
,
185
,
242

Muslim Brotherhood,
18
,
54
,
150
,
187
–
88
,
234

in Egypt,
11
,
92
,
209
–
210
,
234
,
241
,
243

intolerance for non-Sunni Muslims,
55
,
69
–
70

and Iran,
150

populist Islamism,
233

in Syria,
69
–
71
,
129
,
209
,
233
,
234
,
241
,
248
,
251

and Ahrar al-Sham,
96

attempt to assassinate Assad in 1980,
70
,
248

author's interviews with leaders,
18
,
93
,
187

Commission of the Revolution's Shields,
252

seen as a moderate group,
132

at the start of the uprising in Syria,
91
–
93

Syrian forces murdering in Tadmur prison,
70
,
248

Turkey supporting,
184

Muslim Scholarship Association,
135

mustard gas.
See
chemical weapons

Nakba
[catastrophe] (defeat of Syrian army by Israel in 1948),
247

Nalbandian, Armash,
125
,
133
–
36

Narwani, Sharmine,
123
–
24

Nasr, Vali R.,
233

Nasrallah, Hassan,
148

Nasser, Gamal Abdel,
61
,
62
,
247

National Bloc,
57

National Coalition for Revolutionary and Opposition Forces,
93
–
94
,
214
,
241
,
252
.
See also
Syrian National Council

National Defense Force (NDF),
132
,
141
,
241
,
242

National Ground Intelligence Center,
108

National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) (US),
103

National Iranian American Council,
163

National Progressive Front (party in Syria),
83

National Security Administration (NSA) (US),
218

NATO,
14
,
229

NBC (radio broadcasts),
42

NDF.
See
National Defense Force

neocolonialism,
24
,
38

Netanyahu, Benjamin,
162
,
201
,
203

New Yorker
(magazine),
103

New York Times
(newspaper),
102
,
104
,
118
,
119
,
200
,
214
,
216
,
224
,
225
,
252

no-fly zone for Syria,
17
–
18
,
220
–
21
,
222
,
251

Nour, Ayman Abdel,
73
–
74

NSA.
See
National Security Administration

nuclear bomb

Israel aiding South Africa to develop,
191

US concerns about Iran gaining,
157

freeze on nuclear-enrichment program,
161
–
62

Obama, Barack, and administration,
97
,
103
–
104
,
254

AIPAC/Israel lobby influence on policy in Syria,
200
–
202

having shifting policies during Syrian uprising,
12
,
199
–
200
,
220

considering aligning with Assad until extremist rebels defeated,
119
–
20

poor choices of groups to ally with,
119

work with SNC,
120
,
214

Obama speech to UN in 2013,
217
,
218

seeing Syria as religious battleground,
18

and use of chemical weapons in Syria,
12
,
101
,
199
–
200
,
222
–
23

exaggerating case,
102
,
103
–
104
,
112

Ocalan, Abdullah,
175

oil in the Middle East,
28
,
29
–
30
,
66
,
130
,
177
,
178
,
217
–
18

Olmert, Ehud,
203

one-state solution for Israel, Arab countries favoring,
66

Operation Desert Storm,
71
,
248

Opposition to Assad, list of groups,
239
–
41

Oren, Michael,
200

Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons,
107

Orthodox Church,
243

Oslo Agreement,
72

O'Toole, Peter,
23
,
30
,
37
,
38
,
42

Ottoman Empire (1517–1918),
24
–
25
,
41
,
133

France as the “protector” of Christians in 1536,
29

Kurds in,
169

in World War I,
25
,
30
–
33
,
38

Palestine,
209

European Jews in Ottoman-controlled Palestine,
34

and Israel,
191
–
212
,
248

Palestinian refugees,
65
–
66
,
68
,
131
,
206
,
209
,
248

self-determination for,
193

and Syria,
191
–
212
,
235

reactions to Syrian uprising,
205
–
206
,
210
–
11
,
212

and a Zionist state in,
35
–
36
,
46
,
91

Zionist sending Jewish settlers to,
43

See also
Fatah, al-; Hamas; Palestine Liberation Organization

Palestine Center for Policy and Survey Research poll,
210
–
11

Palestine Land Development Company,
34

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO),
66
–
67
,
148
,
205
–
206
,
243
,
248

in Lebanon,
67
–
68
,
248

Palin, Sarah,
223
–
24

pan-Arabism,
48
,
53
,
60
,
61
,
64
,
82
,
147
,
247
.
See also
Arab nationalism

Paris Peace Conference,
37
,
43

Parsi, Trita,
163

Partiya Yekîtiya Demokrat (PYD) [Democratic Union Party],
175
–
76
,
178
,
182
–
86
,
187
–
88
,
242

forming People's Defense of West Kurdistan,
183

See also
Kurdistan Workers Party

Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK),
172

Paul (Saint),
135
,
243

“people of the book.”
See
Christians

People's Defense of West Kurdistan,
183

Peshmerga Falcons,
187

Petrobras (company),
218

Pew research poll,
211

phosphorus weapons, Israel's use of in Gaza Strip,
211

Picot, François.
See
Georges-Picot, François

Pillay, Navi,
136

ping-pong balls, use of to reach public in Syria,
86

PKK.
See
Kurdistan Workers Party

Pletka, Danielle,
222

PLO.
See
Palestine Liberation Organization

Popular Committees,
132
–
33
,
141
,
241
–
42

Porter, Gareth,
112

Postel, Danny,
224
–
25

Postol, Theodore A.,
104

Precht, Henry,
215
–
16

privatization of state-owned businesses in Syria,
82
,
128
–
29

Pro-Assad Groups,
123
–
43

list of,
241
–
42

PUK.
See
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan

Putin, Vladimir,
229

PYD.
See
Partiya Yekîtiya Demokrat

Qahtani, Mohammad Fahd al-,
230
–
31
,
232

Qamishli, Syria,
167
,
177
,
180
,
181
,
182
,
183
,
186
,
250

Qatar,
84
,
210
,
219
,
233
–
34

supporting rebels in Syria,
94
,
96
,
152
,
232
–
33

Quinn, Anthony,
26
,
27
,
32

Quneitra, Syria,
62
–
63
,
79

Qusayr, Syria,
115
–
16
,
136
–
37
,
154
,
253

Quwatli, Shukri al-,
57
,
60
,
246
,
247

R2P.
See
Responsibility to Protect doctrine of UN

Rafah border crossing,
207
,
208
,
210

Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar Hashemi,
156
–
57

Rains, Claude,
30
,
55
–
56

Rajiha, Dawoud,
154

Ramallah, Palestine,
204

Raqqa, Syria,
116
–
18
,
253