Inside Syria: The Backstory of Their Civil War and What the World Can Expect (43 page)

“Rashid, Ciwan,”
180

refugees

Iraqi refugees,
12
,
78

Kurdish refugees,
167
,
177
,
183

Palestinian refugees,
65
–
66
,
68
,
131
,
206
,
209
,
248

Syrian refugees,
117
,
133
,
138
,
186
,
227

religion, role of in Syrian Civil War,
16
–
17
,
18
,
137

list of groups,
243
–
44

“resistance front” opposing US and Israeli policies,
149
.
See also
Hamas; Hezbollah; Iran; Syria

Resolutions.
See
United Nations, Security Council

Responsibility to Protect doctrine of UN (R2P),
14

how might be used in Syria,
225
–
26

Reuters,
96
,
113
,
185

Revolutionary Guard (Iran),
141
,
154
–
55
,
163
,
165

helping create Hezbollah,
146
,
148

Reza Shah Pahlavi (shah of Iran),
170

Rojava
[Kurdish for northern region of Syria],
182

Rouhani, Hassan,
156
–
57
,
161
–
62
,
164
,
165

Rousseff, Dilma,
218

Russia,
2
,
217

aid to Middle East,
198
–
99
,
229

Russian Revolution of 1905,
25

Russian Revolution of 1917,
33

as Soviet Union,
45

in Afghanistan,
232

aid to Middle East,
105
,
106
,
110
,
170
,
171
,
229

aid to Syria,
61
,
65
,
228

and Kurds,
170
,
171

not backing Israel against Arabs,
61
,
228

political collapse of,
71
,
228
,
229

suicide bombing causing death of czar in 1881,
91

and Syria,
12
,
61
,
106
,
152
,
165
,
218
,
219
,
228

importance of in solving civil war,
227

investing in Syrian infrastructure,
228

support for Assad,
143
,
152
,
224
,
225
,
227
–
30
,
235
,
251
,
255

and Syrian chemical weapons,
13
,
115
,
254

UN Security Council votes on Syria by,
229
,
251
,
255

in World War I,
25
,
245

Ruyvaran, Hossein,
148
,
153
,
154
,
155

Rwanda intervening in Congo,
13

Saba,
186

Sabra (Palestinian refugee camp),
68

Saladin, Kurdish background of,
169

Salafist,
243

Saleh, Hassan,
181

Salman, Abdul,
17
–
18

Samarra, Iraq,
153

Samman, Nabil,
129

Samuel, Herbert,
35

sanctions, impact of,
124
–
25
,
130

Sapir hospital,
159

sarin gas.
See
chemical weapons

Satanovsky, Yevgeny,
228

Saud family,
27

Saudi Arabia,
146
,
233

Arab Spring protests in,
82

human-rights record,
215

removing ambassadors from Qatar,
234

sending aid against Soviet Union in Afghanistan,
232

supporting Syrian rebels,
16
–
17
,
84
–
85
,
94
–
96
,
139
,
143
,
152

grand mufti's
fatwa
,
231
–
32

Saudis joining extremist groups,
230
,
231
,
232

Sayyidah Zaynab shrine,
152
–
53

SCC.
See
Special Coordination Committee

Schlumberger (company),
218

Scientific Studies and Research Center,
109
–
110
,
199

Sea of Galilee and Golan negotiations,
202
–
203
,
204

seat-belt laws in Syria as a metaphor for uprising,
19

secularism in Syria under Assads,
127
,
152

secular nationalism,
79

security checkpoints,
123
,
124
,
125
,
134
,
204
–
206

“self-determination,”
33
,
47
,
54
,
193

Sellstrom, Ake,
103
,
104
,
111

Seven Pillars of Wisdom
(Lawrence),
37
–
38

Sevres, Treaty of (1920),
49
,
169

Shaban, Bouthaina,
20
,
129

Shabb, Basem,
137
–
38

shabiha,
140
–
41
,
155
,
241
–
42

Shaheen, Akba Abu,
194
–
95

Shariah,
92
,
93
,
95
,
119

calls for harsh version of,
26
,
97
,
99
,
117
,
240
,
253

Sharif, Omar,
32

Shatila (Palestinian refugee camp),
68

Shawkat, Assef,
154

Sherman, Wendy,
149
,
158

Shia,
55
,
70
,
123
,
151
,
243

Alawites as an offshoot from,
12
,
152

in control in Iran,
145

Druze splitting off from,
25

and Sayyidah Zaynab shrine,
152
–
53

use of discord with other faiths to control,
53
,
65

See also
Hezbollah

Shield (Muslim Brotherhood militia).
See
Commission of the Revolution's Shields

“shouting fence” in Golan,
194

shura
[council],
95

Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia,
81
–
82
,
83

Sieff, Israel,
34

SIM cards for communications,
180

“Six Day War” (June 1967),
18
,
62
–
63
,
64
,
65
,
66
,
191
–
92
,
193
,
194
,
202
,
203
,
247

Sleiman, Dana,
137

Slim, Randa,
232

Smadi, Tayseer al-,
84

SMC.
See
Supreme Military Council

SNC.
See
Syrian National Council

Snowden, Edward,
218

Society for Defense of the Palestinian Nation,
149

Soviet Union.
See
Russia

Spanish-American War,
47

Special Coordination Committee (SCC),
183

State Department (US),
213
–
15
,
214
,
216

state-of-emergency law in Syria,
21
,
83

Stephen S. Weiss Temple,
192

Straits of Tiran, closing to Israelis,
62

STRATFOR (think tank),
162

Straw, Jack,
36

Suez Canal,
28
–
29
,
34
,
61
,
247

Sufi,
55
,
70
,
244

Sukkar, Nabil,
129

Sulaymaniyah, Iraq,
173

Sunni,
11
–
12
,
18
,
69
,
90
,
134
,
146
,
151
,
243
,
244

and Assad regime,
125
,
135

growth of poverty,
130

massacre of in Baniyas district,
253

support for Assad in uprising,
123
,
250

support for rebels against,
152
,
230
,
253

in Iraq,
98

opinions of underrepresented in King-Crane report,
45

Syria having Sunni majority,
214

use of discord with other faiths to control,
53
,
65
,
125

See also
Ahrar al-Sham; Hamas; Jaysh al-Islam; Muslim Brotherhood

Sunoco,
42

Support Front for the People of the Levant.
See
Jabhat al-Nusra

Supreme Military Council (SMC),
94
–
95
,
98
,
99
,
114
,
118
–
20
,
241

Suri, Abu Khalid al-,
96

Swift (company),
39

Sykes, Mark,
30
–
31
,
32
,
37

Sykes-Picot Agreement,
30
,
32
,
37
,
245

Syria,
29

Adana Agreement,
174
–
75

agreeing to destroy chemical weapons,
115
,
120

Assads rise to power (1947–2011),
59
–
80

key dates from 1966 to 2011,
247

and Britain,
113
,
139

creating United Arab Republic with Egypt,
61
,
247

economy under Bashar al-Assad,
130
–
32

changes in exchange rate after 2011,
124

privatization of state-owned businesses,
82
,
128
–
29

ties between Iran and Syria,
149
,
155
–
56

election in 1943 to establish independence,
57

and France,
113
,
225
–
26

French Mandate in,
49

geopolitical importance of location of,
219
,
229

Gulf War, sending troops,
149

and Hezbollah,
219

human-rights record,
215

as an independent republic,
246

key dates from 1946 to 1966,
246
–
47

and Iran,
145
–
65
,
219

and Israel,
12
,
84
,
85
,
191
–
212
,
235

reaction to creation of State of Israel,
59
–
60

in “Six Day War” against Israel (June 1967),
192

lack of oil and strategic minerals,
218
–
19

and Lebanon,
68
,
72
,
76
,
77
,
172
,
174
,
206
,
248
,
249
,
255

withdrawal of Syrian troops in 2005,
76
,
249

military coups in,
61
–
62
,
64

and Palestine,
191
–
212
,
235

refugees in

Iraqi refugees after US invasion,
12
,
78

treatment of Palestinian refugees,
65
–
66
,
131

and Russia,
12
,
61
,
106
,
152
,
165
,
218
,
219
,
228

investing in Syrian infrastructure,
228

support for Assad,
143

UN Security Council votes on Syria by,
229
,
251
,
255

suffering severe draught 2006–2011,
130

Syrian Constitution,
134
,
170
,
179
,
181

only allowing Baathist party,
74
,
75
,
83
,
251

requirements for president,
72
,
135

Syrian nationalism,
51
,
52

and Turkey,
174
–
75
,
203
,
232
–
33

and US,
79
,
124
,
146
,
149
,
152
,
213
–
25
,
249

opposition to US invasion of Iraq in 2003,
78

US sending helicopters into Syria in 2008,
78

western sanctions of,
124
–
25
,
249

See also
Assad, Bashar al-; Assad, Hafez al-; Syrian Civil War

Syrian Baath Party.
See
Baathist Party in Syria

Syrian Civil War (2011–present),
69
,
90
,
101
–
122
,
123
–
44
,
149
–
50