Insurrection (77 page)

FLORENCE: Count of Holland

GARTNAIT OF MAR: son and heir of Donald, Earl of Mar, married Christian Bruce

GILBERT DE CLARE: Earl of Gloucester

GILBERT DE LA HAY: Lord of Erroll

*GILLEPATRIC: vassal of Robert’s father

GRAY: friend of  William Wallace

GUY DE BEAUCHAMP: son and heir of the Earl of  Warwick, and a *Knight of the  Dragon

*HELENA: daughter of the Earl of  Warwick

HENRY III: King of England (1216–72)

HENRY PERCY: Lord of Alnwick, grandson of John de Warenne, and a *Knight of the Dragon

HESILRIG: English Sheriff of Lanark

HUGH DE CRESSINGHAM: English royal clerk, later Treasurer of Scotland

HUMPHREY DE BOHUN: Earl of Hereford and Essex, and Constable of England  

HUMPHREY DE BOHUN: son and heir of the Earl of Hereford and Essex, and a *Knight of the Dragon    

ISABEL BRUCE: sister of Robert, marries Eric II and becomes Queen of Norway  

ISOBEL OF MAR: daughter of Donald, Earl of Mar, and Robert’s first wife  

JAMES DOUGLAS: son and heir of  William Douglas, and nephew of James Stewart

JAMES STEWART: High Steward of Scotland

JOAN DE  VALENCE: sister of Aymer de  Valence and cousin of Edward I, married John Comyn the Younger

JOHN OF ATHOLL: Earl of Atholl and Sheriff of Aberdeen, married a daughter of Donald, Earl of Mar, making him Robert’s brother-in-law

JOHN BALLIOL I: Lord of Barnard Castle, fought for Henry III at the Battle of Lewes

JOHN BALLIOL II: son of John Balliol of Barnard Castle, Lord of Galloway and brother-in-law of John Comyn of Badenoch, became King of Scotland (1292–96)

JOHN COMYN I: fought for Henry III at the Battle of Lewes

JOHN COMYN II: Lord of Badenoch and Justiciar of Galloway, brother-in-law of  John Balliol and head of the Red Comyns

JOHN COMYN III (the Younger): son and heir of John Comyn II and Eleanor Balliol, married Joan de  Valence

JOHN STEWART: brother of James Stewart

JOHN DE  WARENNE: Earl of Surrey

*JUDITH: wet nurse to Robert’s daughter

*KATHERINE: maid to Robert’s wife

LLYWELYN AP GRUFFUDD: Prince of Wales, killed during the 1282–84 conquest

MADOG AP LLYWELYN: leader of an uprising against Edward I in Wales

MALCOLM: Earl of Lennox

MARGARET: half-sister of Robert from his mother’s first marriage

MARGARET (THE MAID OF NORWAY): granddaughter and heir of Alexander III, she was named Queen of Scotland after his death, but died on the voyage from Norway

MARGUERITE OF FRANCE: sister of Philippe IV, second wife of Edward I and Queen of England

MARJORIE BRUCE: daughter of Robert and Isobel of Mar

MARJORIE OF CARRICK: Countess of Carrick, Robert’s mother

MARY BRUCE: sister of Robert

MATILDA BRUCE: sister of Robert

NAVRE: Bishop of Bergen

NEIL CAMPBELL: a knight from Lochawe

NIALL BRUCE: brother of Robert

*NES: squire to Robert

PATRICK OF DUNBAR: Earl of Dunbar

PHILIPPE IV: King of France (1286–1314)

RALPH DE MONTHERMER: royal knight and a *Knight of the Dragon

RICHARD: Earl of Cornwall

RICHARD DE BURGH: Earl of Ulster and a lieutenant of Edward I

ROBERT BRUCE  V: Lord of Annandale and grandfather of Robert, competed for the throne

ROBERT BRUCE  VI: Earl of Carrick and father of Robert, he resigned the earldom to his son, and became Lord of Annandale on his father’s death

ROBERT BRUCE  VII: son and heir of the Earl of Carrick

ROBERT CLIFFORD: royal knight and a *Knight of the Dragon

ROBERT  WINCHELSEA: Archbishop of Canterbury

ROBERT  WISHART: Bishop of Glasgow

SIMON DE MONTFORT: Earl of Leicester, led a rebellion against Henry III

THOMAS BRUCE: brother of Robert

THOMAS OF LANCASTER: son and heir of Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, nephew of  Edward I, and a *Knight of the Dragon

*WALTER: knight of Carrick, Robert’s banner-bearer

WALTER STEWART: Earl of Menteith

WILLIAM COMYN: fought for Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Lewes, head of the Comyns of Kilbride

WILLIAM DOUGLAS: Lord of Douglas, father of James

WILLIAM LAMBERTON: Bishop of St Andrews

WILLIAM ORMESBY: English Justiciar of Scotland

WILLIAM DE VALENCE: Earl of Pembroke, half-uncle of Edward I, and father of  Aymer

WILLIAM  WALLACE: leader of the Scottish rebellion against Edward I in 1297

YOLANDE OF DREUX: second wife of Alexander III and Queen of Scotland

*YOTHRE: instructor to Robert

Glossary

AILETTES:
(meaning
little wings
): worn on the shoulders and painted with the knight’s coat of arms, usually made of flat pieces of wood or leather.

AKETON:
see gambeson.

BRAIES:
undergarments worn by men.

CHAUSSES:
mail stockings.

COIF:
a tight-fitting cloth cap worn by men and women, it could also be made of mail and worn by soldiers under or instead of a helm.

CROWN OF ARTHUR:
a coronet worn by the princes of Gwynedd, most notably Llywelyn ap Gruffudd who styled himself Prince of Wales.  Edward I seized the crown along with other important Welsh relics during the 1282–84 conquest and sent it to Westminster Abbey.

CURTANA:
also known as the Sword of Mercy because of its symbolically broken tip, it was thought to have belonged to St Edward the Confessor and became part of the English royal regalia used in coronations.

DESTRIER:
a warhorse.

DIRK:
Scots for dagger.

FALCHION:
a short sword with a curved edge.

FOSSE:
a ditch or moat.

GAMBESON:
a padded coat worn by soldiers, usually made of quilted cloth, stuffed with felt or straw.

GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH:
thought to have been a Welshman or Breton by birth, Monmouth resided in Oxford during the twelfth century, where he was possibly a canon of St George’s College.  Later, he became Bishop of St Asaph. He wrote three known works during his life, the most famous being
The
History of the Kings of Britain
of which the
Prophecies of Merlin
became part, followed by
The
Life of Merlin
.  Despite mixing established British history with romantic fiction, Monmouth presented his writings as fact and many readers of his works took them as such, accepting King Arthur and Merlin as historical figures. Monmouth’s works, although criticised by some of his contemporaries, were hugely popular during the medieval period and from his
The History of the Kings of Britain
sprang the immense canon of Arthurian literature that graced Europe over the following centuries.  Chrétien de Troyes, Malory, Shakespeare and Tennyson were all influenced by his work.

HAUBERGEON:
a shirt of mail, usually shorter than the hauberk.

HAUBERK:
a shirt or coat of mail with long sleeves.

HOBBY:
a type of riding horse, usually small and swift.

HUKE:
a hooded cloak.

JUSTICIAR:
a chief justice official.  In Scotland there were three justiciars during the period: those of Galloway, Lothian and Scotia.

LISTS:
the enclosure where a tournament or joust takes place.

MAGNATE:
a high-ranking noble.

MOTTE:
a castle or keep built on a mound, often surrounded by a bailey.

PALFREY:
a light horse used for everyday riding.

PRIMOGENITURE:
the right of the first-born to inherit.

PROPHECIES OF MERLIN:
written by Geoffrey of Monmouth during the twelfth century.  Originally composed as a separate volume, the
Prophecies
were later incorporated into his
The
History of the Kings of Britain
.  According to Monmouth he was translating the work into Latin from an older text.  Monmouth has been credited as being the creator of Merlin, but it is now believed he derived this enigmatic figure from earlier Welsh sources.

QUARREL:
an arrow for a crossbow.

QUINTAIN:
a target used by soldiers to practise skill at arms, usually in the form of a wooden post with a shield attached to a movable beam that can be struck by the lance.

ROUNCY:
a type of riding horse.

SCHILTROM:
a defensive ring, usually composed of spearmen.

SIEGE ENGINES:
any machine used to attack fortifications during sieges, such as mangonels, trebuchets and perriers.

SOLAR:
an upper, usually private room.

STONE OF DESTINY:
also called the Stone of Scone, it was the ancient seat used in Scottish coronations.  Thought to have been brought to Scone in the ninth century by Scotland’s king, Kenneth mac Alpin, its origins are unknown.  It was seized by Edward I during the 1296 invasion and taken to Westminster Abbey where it was set in a specially designed throne and became part of the English coronation ceremony.  It remained there until 1950 when four students stole it and returned it to Scotland.  It was later sent back to England, before being officially presented to Edinburgh Castle in 1996, where it remains on display.  It will be returned to Westminster for future coronations.

SURCOAT:
a long sleeveless garment usually worn over armour.

VASSAL:
a retainer subject to a feudal superior, who holds land in return for homage and services.

VENTAIL:
a flap of mail that can be pulled up and secured to protect the lower half of the face during combat.

Succession to the Scottish Throne

Bibliography

Ashbee, Jeremy A.,
Conwy Castle
, Cadw, 2007

Barber, Richard,
The Knight and Chivalry
, The Boydell Press, 1995

Barbour, John,
The Bruce
(trans. A.A.M. Duncan), Canongate Classics, 1997

Barrow, G.W.S.,
Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland
, Edinburgh University Press, 1988

Barrow, G.W.S.,
The Kingdom of the Scots
, Edinburgh University Press, 2003

Beam, Amanda,
The Balliol Dynasty 1210–1364
, John Donald, 2008

Chancellor, John,
The Life and Times of Edward I
, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981

Cummins, John,
The Hound and the Hawk, the Art of Medieval Hunting
, Phoenix Press, 2001

Daniell, Christopher,
Death and Burial in Medieval England 1066–1550
, Routledge, 1997

Edge, David, and Paddock, John M.,
Arms and Armour of the Medieval Knight
, Bison Group, 1988

Fawcett, Richard,
Stirling Castle (Official Guide)
, Historic Scotland, 1999

Gravett, Christopher,
Knights at Tournament
, Osprey Publishing, 1988