Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty (57 page)

Mutawwa’in
(volunteers), 21, 263

Mutazilite Interpretation of the Qur’an,
235

Mutazilites, 19, 21, 23, 97, 109, 120, 122, 125, 130, 135, 164, 237, 252, 268, 286, 301
n,
306
n

contributions of, 92–93

demise of, 171–72

free will vs. determinism debate and, 90–92, 93

Hanbali school and, 109

justice as seen by, 90–91

minha
and, 109–10

modern liberalism and, 93–94, 95

Müteferrika, I·brahim, 314
n

Naim Bey, Ahmed, 165

Nakhai, Ibrahim al-, 277

Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 196

Naqshbandis, 21, 215

nasab
(lineage), 50

Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, 324
n

Nasr, Vali, 239

Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 201

National Action League, 22, 188

National Action Party (MHP), 35

nationalism, 18, 147, 175, 311
n

Ottoman, 166–68

Nationality Law, Ottoman, 149

National Outlook movement (Milli Görüs¸), 20, 215, 217, 221, 223

National Salvation Party (MSP), Turkish, 216

neoconservatives, 196

Nesibe, Fatma, 163

Newsweek,
223

New Testament, 46, 88, 119

New World of Islam, The
(Stoddard), 174–75

New York Times,
167

Nizami-ı Cedid (New Order), 22, 146

Nizamiye courts, 22

see also
kanun
(secular laws)

North Africa, 66, 298
n

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 210, 215

North Yemen, 176

Norton, William Harmon, 309
n

Novak, Michael, 245

Nur movement, 22, 209–10, 214

Nursi, Said, 22, 207–11, 215, 259

background of, 207

“epistles” of, 209, 212

legacy of, 214

Nursi, Said (
continued
)

Muslim-Christian alliance sought by, 213–14

Nur movement and,
see
Nur movement

Obama, Barack, 193–94

Obama administration, 239

Ocak, Ahmet Yas¸ar, 217

oil, 238–39

Old Testament, 58, 104

One Thousand and One Nights,
108

opening (
fath
), 65

Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), 22, 274

Orientalists, 22

Osman, 141

Ottoman Empire,
12–13,
37, 115, 116, 139–76, 224, 226, 238, 275, 278, 311
n,
314
n

Abdülhamid II’s reforms in, 160–61

Armenian catastrophe and, 168, 226, 328
n

Balkans-Russian conflict and, 156–57

Byzantines defeated by, 142

Christianity in, 142–43, 151

collapse of, 168, 173

constitution of, 155–56, 157, 162

conversions in, 151–52

craftsmen’s associations in, 312
n

and decline of Islamdom, 141

democracy in, 156–57

equal citizenship concept and, 147

European intrusions and, 150–51, 152

European modernity and, 145–47

family law in, 315
n

fez adopted by, 147

First Constitutional Period of, 155–57

first general election in, 156

France and, 140

freedom in, 148, 151, 155–56

Garpçılar movement in, 181–82

Grand Council of State of, 147, 149

Great Britain and, 140

Hanafi school and, 144–45, 161

Hejaz Revolt in, 140–41

individual rights in, 147–49

innovations of, 140–41

iqta
system abolished in, 153

Islahat edict of, 18, 148–49, 150, 151

Islam and national identity of, 142

Islamism and, 158–59

kanun
(secular laws) of, 19, 144

Maturidi school of, 144

Mecelle code of, 20, 160–61, 199

middle class of, 153–54

nationalism in, 166–68

nationality law of, 149

Nizamiye courts of, 22

non-Muslims in, 141, 142–44, 147, 148–51, 167, 259

Nursi and, 208–9

origin and rise of, 141–42

Özal Revolution and,
see
Özal Revolution

and perception of foreign threats, 157–58, 173–74

pluralism in, 142

religious flexibility of, 144–45

religious freedom in, 151–52

religious modernization in, 160–62

representative government in, 154–55

Russia’s conflicts with, 144, 156–57, 166–68

Second Constitutional Period of, 158, 163, 208, 314
n

secular European liberalism and, 163–66

Seljuk dynasty of, 142

Shariah in, 69–70, 144–45, 148, 160–62, 165, 199

slavery in, 140–41

as superpower, 142

Tanzimat edict of, 25, 147–48, 151, 153–55, 158, 162, 169, 226

U.S.-Philippines conflict and, 159–60

Western modernism and, 168–73

West’s relations with, 140

women and women’s rights in, 140–41, 163, 315
n

in World War I, 166–67, 173, 180, 209

Young Ottomans and,
see
Young Ottomans

Young Turks of,
see
Young Turks

Ottomanism, 22

Özal, Turgut, 217–18, 219, 224–26, 228

death of, 220–21

Özal Revolution, 217–20, 227, 228

capitalism and, 218

liberal democracy and, 219–20

three freedoms of, 219–20

Öztürk, Yas¸ar Nuri, 234

Pacino, Al, 27

Pakistan, 19, 111

Islamization of laws in, 256, 324
n

Palestine, 80, 194, 195

Pamuk, Orhan, 227, 284, 328
n

pan-Islam, 22

Party of Liberals (Ahrar), Ottoman, 165

patrimonialism, 22, 134, 145, 310
n

Peker, Recep, 206

People of Innovation, 96

People of Reason (
ahl al-ray
), 22, 88, 90–92, 95, 97, 106

Hanbal campaign against, 107

Sunna tradition and, 98–99

see also
Traditionist-Rationalist confrontation

People of the Book (
ahl al-Kitab
), 22–23, 142

People of Tradition (
ahl al-hadith
), 22, 23, 88–89, 95, 101, 102–3, 106, 107

ascendance of, 103

Qur’an as viewed by, 98–99

reason opposed by, 98–99

see also
Traditionist-Rationalist confrontation