Leaving India: My Family's Journey from Five Villages to Five Continents (65 page)

[>]
on the site of a large detention camp:
The first Indian Institute of Technology was founded in 1950 on the site of Hijli Detention Camp. "Institute History," IIT Kharagpur (
www.iitkgp.ac.in/institute/history.php
).

[>]
 
most of the rest were visiting
: Melendy,
Asians in America,
p. 244.

[>]
 
Enrolled at first:
Ibid., p. 185.
To their new bosses:
Ibid., pp. 226–28.
never exceeding one thousand:
Ibid., p. 186.
Japanese scientists:
Roger Daniels,
The Politics of Prejudice: The Anti-Japanese Movement in California and the Struggle for Japanese Exclusion
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), p. 33.
C
ROWD
N
UMBERING
500: Morning Reveille and Evening American
(Bellingham, Wash.), Thursday morning, September 5, 1907.

[>]
 
In 1913, California's Alien Land Law:
Chan,
Asian Americans,
p. 195.
"the most undesirable": California and the Oriental,
p. 101.
In 1923, the Supreme Court: U.S. v. Bhagat Singh Thind,
decided by the U.S. Supreme Court on February 19, 1923; unanimous opinion written by Justice George Sutherland.
Students, however:
Under section 4(e) of the 1924 immigration law, alien students were considered "nonquota immigrants" who could be admitted without regard to national quotas. Under section 214(f) of the 1952 law, they were reclassified as "nonimmigrants" and given a special visa that was valid for the length of their studies.
I&N Reporter
1, no. 3 (January 1953).
During the 1920s:
Melendy,
Asians in America,
p. 205.

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In 1944, the Senate:
Ibid., p. 235.
105 Chinese immigrants each year:
Kitano and Daniels,
Asian Americans,
p. 16.
It took two more years:
Inder Singh (president of the Global Organization of People of Indian Origin International), "Long Struggle Marked Battle for U.S. Citizenship,"
India-West,
June 30, 2006, pp. A4–A6.
At last, in 1946:
Daniels, "History of Indian Immigration to the United States," p. 235.
Quietly, Congress authorized: I&N Reporter
19, no. 1 (July 1970): 1, and
I&N Reporter
5, no. 1 (July 1956).
U.S. psychiatric hospitals:
Adams,
The Brain Drain,
p. 236.

[>]
 "
it became American policy":
Paul Ritterband, "Law, Policy, and Behavior: Educational Exchange Policy and Student Migration,"
American Journal of Sociology
76, no. 1 (July 1970): 71–82.
America's class of foreign students: I&N Reporter
12, no. 2 (October 1964), Table 3: "Nonimmigrant Aliens Admitted, by Class of Admission."

[>]
 
Just a few months earlier: I&N Reporter
11, no. 1 (July 1962): 8.
This was another recent change:
Ibid.

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in October 1962, a minor adjustment:
Public Law 87–855, Oct. 24, 1962.
Since 1946, one hundred:
Brinley Thomas, "'Modern' Migration," in Adams,
The Brain Drain.

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immediately tripled:
Asian scientists and engineers with green cards numbered 498 in 1962, and 1,406 in 1963, according to a WHO study. Alfonso Mejia, Helena Pizurki, and Erica Royston, Division of Health Manpower Development of the World Health Organization,
Foreign Medical Graduates: The Case of the United States
(Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1980), p. 7.
"Send me your trained":
The poem is quoted in Patricio R. Mamot,
Foreign Medical Graduates in America
(Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1974), p. 13.

[>]
 
That act had been:
Public Law 414, Chapter 477, Section 201; 66 Stat., p. 175.
as measured by the census of 1920:
As a result of this provision, of the roughly 154,000 quota visas that the 1952 act made available each year after 1952, the vast majority (125,000) went to northern and western Europe. A further 24,000 went to southern and eastern Europe. (Western Hemisphere immigrants were not subject to quotas.) Note that I have referred to the act's "quota areas" as "countries," although certain territories and non-nations also received quota allocations.
I&N Reporter
4, no. 1 (July 1955): 6.

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 "
urgently needed": I&N Reporter
4, no. 1 (July 1955): 7.

[>]
The latest census:
Melendy,
Asians in America,
p. 256.

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"
The Immigration Service official": I&N Reporter
19, no. 1 (July 1970): 6.
On October 3,1965:
Melendy,
Asians in America,
p. 41.
"This bill that we will sign today":
Audio of Johnson's comments re-aired in "1965 Immigration Law Changed Face of America,"
All Things Considered,
National Public Radio, May 9, 2006.

[>]
In fact, the act:
In addition to the law itself, the following
I&N Reporter
articles provided context and details of the act's impact: Robert B. Lindsey, "The Act of October 3, 1965," 14, no. 4 (April 1966): 103–4, 111–15; Helen F. Eckerson, "Recent Immigration to the United States," 15, no. 1 (July 1966): 19–20; and John J. Murray, "Labor Certification ... for Third and Sixth Preference Aliens and Nonpreference Cases," 15, no. 4 (April 1967): 50–52.
"unexpected side effects": I&N Reporter
17, no. 1 (July 1968): 1–3.

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China and India accounted for:
National Science Foundation,
Scientists, Engineers,
p. 43.
according to the most reliable figure:
A U.N. analysis of the 100,262 foreign students who were living in the United States in 1967 estimated that 70 percent came from Less Developed Countries. Report of the U.N. Secretary General,
Outflow of Trained Personnel from the LDCs,
November 5, 1968.
The representative from Dahomey:
Adams,
The Brain Drain,
pp. 7–12.

[>]
 A
1967 bibliography:
McKnight,
Scientists Abroad,
p. 50.
over 90 percent:
Adams,
The Brain Drain,
pp. 1–8.
"While with one hand":
Quoted in ibid., p. 608.
"There is the gravest ground":
McKnight,
Scientists Abroad,
p. 22.
"seemed more concerned":
Adams,
The Brain Drain,
pp. 234–35.

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A survey of Indian students:
Niland,
The Asian Engineering Brain Drain.

[>]
 
That semester, nearly five thousand:
From July to December 1967, 4,729 dependents of foreign students were admitted to the United States.
I&N Reporter
17, no. 4 (April 1969): 59.

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Located in a cluster:
For the history of the Finkbine Park barracks, see Bob Hibbs, "Saturday Postcard 212: The Fine Arts at Iowa,"
Iowa City Press Citizen,
September 20, 2003.

[>]
"
friendship and cooperation": I&N Reporter
19, no. 1 (July 1970): 3.

[>]
Within the year, so many: I&N Reporter
17, no. 1 (July 1968): 1–3, and
I&N Reporter
17, no. 3 (January 1969): 38.
"We are in the international market":
U.S. House subcommittee,
Brain Drain: A Study of the Persistent Issue,
p. 36.
India had just: I&N Reporter
17, no. 1 (July 1968): 2.

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he fit the typical profile:
Figures in this paragraph are from National Science Foundation,
Scientists, Engineers,
pp. vi, 6–7.
This eightfold increase: I&N Reporter
19, no. 4 (April 1971): 52.
one in four "aliens": I&N Reporter
19, no. 2 (October 1970): 23.

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California was not one of the eight: I&N Reporter
16, no. 2 (October 1967): 37–40.

[>]
 
By long policy and practice, New Zealand:
See source notes for Chapter 5.

[>]
S
PICE
I
S THE
V
ARIETY
: Otago Daily Times,
June 20, 1978, p. 15.

[>]
"
In India, cars are not":
V. M. Dandekar, "India," in Adams,
The Brain Drain.
"If the neighbours":
Nem Kumar Jain,
Science and Scientists in India (Vedic to Modern)
(Delhi: Indian Book Gallery, 1982), p. 65.
"lack of appreciation of their work": New York Times,
July 24, 1966. Quoted in Adams,
The Brain Drain.
600,000 graduates:
Adams,
The Brain Drain,
p. 90.
median pay of about 300 rupees
:
Census of India, 1961, Monograph No. 1.

[>]
 "
cumulative inertia":
Mathematical model developed by Dr. Robert McGinnis of Cornell, cited in
Mobility of PhD's Before and After the Doctorate, with Associated Economic and Educational Characteristics of States,
Career Patterns Report No. 3 prepared for the National Institutes of Health by the Research Division, Office of Scientific Personnel, National Research Council (Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1971), p. 197.

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Indian doctors in Michigan:
The American Association of Physicians from India, subsequently renamed the American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin, formed "after a fireside discussion in Detroit Michigan in 1982," according to its official history.

[>]
Indian community in Michigan:
The migration of Indian engineers to the auto industry was not accidental; in 1923, Henry Ford began recruiting engineering students from India who were attending the University of California to work in his factories at a daily wage of $5. Ford's offer was strategic, offering the students a solution to the higher nonresident tuition fees they suddenly had to pay because of the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that year making Indians ineligible for citizenship on the grounds that they were not "white." Within three years, more than a hundred Indian students had entered the Ford training program, according to reports filed by British consulate staff who tracked the activities of British Indians in the United States. "Indians Overseas. Ford Motor Works, Detroit, U.S.A. Training of British Indians" (correspondence file, Economic and Overseas Department, India Office, British Library IOR/L/E/7/1459).
"almost 80 percent":
Portes and Rumbaut,
Immigrant America,
p. 19.

PAGE
 7.
SHELTER

[>]
During the ritual:
Bhanu and Bhupendra Hajratwala,
Our Kshatriya Samskaras: 1. Simant
(California: North American Hindu Association, 2007).

[>]
 "
She was always attentive":
Prabhati Mukherjee,
Hindu Women: Narrative Models,
revised edition (Calcutta: Orient Longman, 1994), pp. 13–14.

[>]
 "
the first person to get up":
Ibid., p. 28.
Daughter, wife, widow:
See, for example, the Laws of Manu 5:149, "In her childhood [a girl] should be under the will of her father; in [her] youth, of [her] husband; her husband being dead, of her sons; a woman should never enjoy her own will." Translated by Thadani, in
Sakhiyani,
p. 54.

[>]
high proportion of Indian wives:
See, for example, R. Aaron et al., "Suicides in Young People in Rural Southern India,"
Lancet
363, no. 9415: 1117–18.

[>]
 
The
Modern Combined: Shantilal Sarabhai Oza and Ramanbhai G. Bhatt (Mumbai: R. R. Sheth, 2001).

[>]
 
by 1996:
Fiji Islands Bureau of Statistics,
1996 Fiji Census of Population and Housing Analytical Report: Part 1, Demographic Characteristics,
1998.

[>]
 
55,000 lucky winners:
The number of winners and other regulations governing the lottery have changed since its inception in 1986. The provisions governing Madhukant's application were contained in Section 131, Diversity Immigrants, of the Immigration Act of 1990 (Public Law 649, passed by the 101st Congress, 2nd session, on November 29, 1990). For important context, I drew on news accounts in various periodicals including the
Boston Irish Reporter
and the
New York Amsterdam News,
both of which tracked developments regularly for their readers. The following articles (listed chronologically) provided details included here: Karlyn Barker, "U.S. Lottery Will Award 20,000 Visas in 1989–90,"
Washington Post,
March 2, 1989; Mae M. Cheng, "The New New Yorkers: The Luck of the Draw,"
Newsday,
January 15, 1997; "Diversity Lottery Program to Give 55,000 Green Cards,"
New York Amsterdam News,
January 24, 1997; "Stakes Are High in U.S. Visa Lottery,"
Boston Irish Reporter,
March 1, 1997; Richard Springer, "Indians Jump to Third Place in Immigration to U.S.,"
India-West,
May 2, 1997, front page; and William Branigin, "House Republican Wants Immigration Policy to Favor the Educated,"
Washington Post,
April 22, 1998.

[>]
In West Africa:
Sierra Leone News Archives, February 1997 (
www.sierra-leone.org/Archives/slnews0297.pdf
).
Ireland's ambassador was reportedly:
Mark Krikorian, "Lucky Visas,"
Washington Post,
March 14, 1996.