Liberalism: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions) (21 page)
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Authors: Michael Freeden
Chapter 1: A house of many mansions
There are more works on liberalism than anyone could reasonably be expected to consult. For older but still influential histories of liberalism, see
G. de Ruggiero,
The History of European Liberalism
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1959
[first published 1927]; and
L. Hartz,
The Liberal Tradition in America
(New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1955).
Instructive studies are by
J.G. Merquior,
Liberalism Old and New
(Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1991)
;
J.A. Hall,
Liberalism
(London: Paladin, 1988)
; and
R. Bellamy,
Liberalism and Modern Society
(Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992).
An excellent analysis in the American context is
P. Starr,
Freedom’s Power: The True Force of Liberalism
(New York: Basic Books, 2007).
For a recent account, see
Edmund Fawcett,
Liberalism: The Life of an Idea
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014).
For a highly critical discussion of the historical failings of liberalism, see
D. Losurdo,
Liberalism: A Counter-History
(London: Verso, 2011).
The best philosophical study of liberal ideology still is
L.T. Hobhouse,
Liberalism
(London: Williams and Norgate, 1911).
The lodestars of the American philosophical approach to liberalism are a book and a chapter, respectively:
J. Rawls,
Political Liberalism
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1996)
; and
R. Dworkin, ‘Liberalism’ in R. Dworkin,
A Matter of Principle
(Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1986).
An important early critique of Rawls is
M. Sandel,
Liberalism and the Limits of Justice
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
On the nature of ideological morphology, see
M. Freeden,
Ideology: A Very Short Introduction
(Oxford, 2003)
; and the chapters on ‘The Morphological Analysis of Ideology’ and on ‘Liberalism’ in
M. Freeden, L.T. Sargent, and M. Stears (eds.),
The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).
On liberal feminism and its critique, see
S. Moller Okin,
Justice, Gender and the Family
(New York: Basic Books, 1989)
; and
A.M. Jaggar,
Feminist Politics and Human Nature
(Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1983).
Chapter 2: The liberal narrative
An instructive introduction to Machiavelli’s republicanism is
Q. Skinner,
Machiavelli
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981).
Though no proto-liberal himself, features of Machiavelli’s republicanism and endorsement of a civic-minded participatory society percolated into 20th century liberal discourses. See also
Q. Skinner,
Liberty before Liberalism
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
For contrasting British liberal views on private property, see
R. Muir,
The New Liberalism
(London: The Daily News Ltd, n.d. [1923])
and
J.A. Hobson,
Property and Improperty
(London: Victor Gollanz, 1937).
For an examination of Durkheim’s liberalism, see
W. Logue,
From Philosophy to Sociology: The Evolution of French Liberalism 1890–1914
(Dekalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 1983).
On the British Liberal Party in the 19th century, see
W. Lyon Blease,
A Short History of English Liberalism
(London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1913).
The clearest expression of
Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarian individualism is his
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
(New York: Dover Publications, 2007).
G.W.F. Hegel’s magisterial work on ethical and political philosophy is his
Elements of the Philosophy of Right
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
G. Mazzini’s exhortation to patriotism can be found in his
The Duties of Man
(London: Chapman and Hall, 1862).
On the importance of society in new liberal understandings, see
J.A. Hobson,
The Social Problem
(London: James Nisbet & Co. 1901).
The relevance of social evolution to liberal arguments is explored in
D.G. Ritchie,
Darwinism and Politics
(London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1901)
; and
L.T. Hobhouse,
Social Evolution and Political Theory
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1911).
For analyses of British social liberalism, see
M. Freeden,
The New Liberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform
(Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1978)
; and
M. Freeden,
Liberalism Divided: A Study in British Political Thought 1914–1939
(Clarendon Press: Oxford University Press, 1986).
Chapter 3: Layers of liberalism
For north European liberal variants, see
I.K. Lakaniemi, A. Rotkirch, and H. Stenius (eds.),
Liberalism—Seminars in Historical and Political Keywords in Northern Europe
(Helsinki: Renvall Institute, 1995).
On the incorporation of time and temporality into liberal thought, see
M. Freeden,
Liberal Languages: Ideological Imaginations and Twentieth Century Political Thought
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005)
,
chapter 1
.
For probing treatments of imperialism, see
J. Darwin,
Unfinished Empire: The Global Expansion of Britain
(London: Penguin Books, 2012)
;
H.C.G. Matthew,
The Liberal Imperialists
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973)
;
D. Chakrabarty,
Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000).
For the politics of identity and difference, see
I.M. Young,
Justice and the Politics of Difference
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990)
;
A.T. Baumeister,
Liberalism and the ‘Politics of Difference’
(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000).
On liberalism in India, see
R. Bhargava,
The Promise of India’s Secular Democracy
(New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2010)
;
R. Bajpai,
Debating Difference: Group Rights and Liberal Democracy in India
(New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011).
On liberalism in the Netherlands, see
H. Te Velde, ‘The Organization of Liberty: Dutch Liberalism as a Case of the History of European Constitutional Liberalism’,
European Journal of Political Theory
, vol. 7 (2008), pp. 65–79.
On liberal approaches to the wearing of headscarves, see
C. Laborde,
Critical Republicanism: The Hijab Controversy and Political Philosophy
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008)
; and
K.A. Beydoun, ‘
Laïcité
, Liberalism, and the Headscarf’,
Journal of Islamic Law and Culture
, vol. 10 (2008), pp. 191–215.
Chapter 4: The morphology of liberalism
On essentially contested concepts, see
W.B. Gallie, ‘Essentially Contested Concepts’,
Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society
, vol. 56 (1955–6), pp. 167–98
; and
D. Collier, F.D. Hidalgo, and A.O. Maciuceanu, ‘Essentially Contested Concepts: Debates and Applications’,
Journal of Political Ideologies
, vol. 11 (2006), pp. 211–46.
On liberal ideas and concepts, see
W.A. Galston,
Liberal Purposes
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991)
;
S. Macedo,
Liberal Virtues
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991)
; and
G.F. Gaus,
Political Concepts and Political Theories
(Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000).
On comparative liberal themes, see
M. Freeden, ‘European Liberalisms: An Essay in Comparative Political Thought’,
European Journal of Political Theory
, vol. 7 (2008), pp. 9–30.
Chapter 5: Liberal luminaries
Further reading on the thinkers in this chapter can be explored through many of the introductory books listed for
Chapter 1
.
Two sources for Max Weber’s thought are
H.H. Gerth and C.W. Mills (eds.),
From Max Weber
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1946)
; and
P. Lassman and R. Speirs (eds.),
Weber: Political Writings
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
Chapter 6: Philosophical liberalism: idealizing justice
An illuminating exposition of liberal egalitarianism is in
A. Gutmann,
Liberal Equality
(Cambridge University Press, 1980).
There is an extensive literature on the liberal-communitarian divide. For different views, see
M. Sandel,
Liberalism and the Limits of Justice
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982)
;
S. Mulhall and A. Swift,
Liberals and Communitarians
(Oxford: Blackwells, 1996)
; and
C. Taylor, ‘Cross-Purposes: The Liberal-Communitarian Debate’ in N.L. Rosenblum (ed.),
Liberalism and the Moral Life
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989), pp. 159–82.
For investigations of liberal neutrality, see
R.E. Goodin and A. Reeve (eds.),
Liberal Neutrality
(London: Routledge, 1989)
; and
W. Kymlicka, ‘Liberal Individualism and Liberal Neutrality’,
Ethics
, vol. 99 (1989), pp. 883–905.
On ranking as a political act, see
M. Freeden,
The Political Theory of Political Thinking: The Anatomy of a Practice
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), pp. 132–65.
On Berlin’s pluralism, see
G. Crowder,
Liberalism and Value Pluralism
(London: Continuum, 2002)
;
J. Cherniss,
A Mind and its Time: The Development of Isaiah Berlin’s Political Thought
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013)
;
G. Garrard, ‘The Counter-Enlightenment Liberalism of Isaiah Berlin’,
Journal of Political Ideologies
, vol. 2 (1997), pp. 281–96
; and
G.E. Gaus,
Contemporary Theories of Liberalism
(London: Sage Publications, 2003).
Chapter 7: Misappropriations, disparagements, and lapses
On neoliberalism, see
M. Steger and R.K. Roy,
Neoliberalism: A Very Short Introduction
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010)
; and
M. Olssen,
Liberalism, Neoliberalism, Social Democracy
(Abingdon: Routledge, 2010).
See also
M. Thatcher and V. Schmidt (eds.),
Resilient Liberalism in Europe’s Political Economy
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013)
, especially the chapters by the editors, A. Gamble, and M. Ferrera.
On East European liberalism, see
Z. Suda and J. Musil (eds.),
The Meaning of Liberalism: East and West
(Budapest: Central European University Press, 2000).
On liberal internationalism, see
B. Jahn,
Liberal Internationalism
(Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).
For illiberal excesses, see
D. King,
In the Name of Liberalism: Illiberal Social Policy in the USA and Britain
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
On liberal paternalism, see
M. Freeden, ‘Democracy and Paternalism: The Struggle over Shaping British Liberal Welfare Thinking’, in A. Kessler-Harris and M. Vaudagna (eds.),
Democracy and Social Rights in the ‘Two Wests’
(Torino: Otto, 2009), pp. 107–22; and
W. Lippman,
Public Opinion
(New York: Brace and Co., 1922).
On the gender oppressiveness of liberal contract, see
C. Pateman,
The Sexual Contract
(Cambridge: Polity Press, 1988).
A
anarchism
57
Areopagitica
(Milton)
45
Asquith, Herbert
97
Austria
114
B
Bentham, Jeremy
29
Bernstein, Eduard
88
Beveridge Report 1942
47
Bildung
25