Life's Ratchet: How Molecular Machines Extract Order from Chaos (49 page)

F
₁
unit, of ATP synthase,
196–198
,
199

De fabrica
(Vesalius),
19

FADH
₂
,
193
,
194

FCS.
See
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS)

Feedback loops

DNA and,
223–224
,
235–236

molecular,
153–154
,
231
,
233

self-activating,
237

Fermat, Pierre de,
50–51
,
52

Fernel, Jean François,
27

Feynman, Richard, nanoscience and,
91–92
,
93
,
97
,
98
,
100

Feynman’s ratchet,
138–141

Fibers,
154

Filaments,
154

Financial crisis of 2008, cooperativity and,
121

Fire,
29–30

First law of thermodynamics,
73

Flagella, self-assembly of,
110

Flavobacterium,
217–218
,
220

Flemming, Walther,
61

Fludd, Robert,
20

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

(FCS),
175
,
210

Fluorescence-based single-molecular techniques,
175–176

Fluorescent markers, for motor proteins,
175–176

Focused-ion beams,
100

Fokker-Planck equation,
163

Food, conversion into ATP energy,
192–194

Force,
10

entropic,
106–110

generated by hydrolysis of ATP,
172

hydrophobic,
111–112
,
116

molecular motion and,
163

proton-motive,
196
,
197

See also
Life force; Vital forces

Frame-shift mutation,
217

Frankenstein
(Shelley),
34–35

Franklin, Benjamin,
28

Free energy,
80–83

molecular machines and,
157–159

molecular storm and,
83–85

motion of kinesin-1 and,
179–180

reset step and,
157–158

self-assembly of molecules and,
101

FRET,
175

Friction,
28
,
37
,
70
,
74
,
77
,
87
,
134–136

Fridman, Rafael,
210
,
233–234

Frog leg experiments,
35
,
38–40

G proteins,
220

Galen,
17
,
19
,
27

Galileo,
21
,
22
,
128

Galton, Francis,
55–56

Galvani, Luigi,
35
,
38

Gambling,
47–53

Games, interplay of necessity and chance in,
66

Gamow, George,
130

Gassendi, Pierre,
20–21

Gauss, Carl Friedrich,
54

Gavin, Sean,
241

Gedankenexperiment,
127–128

Gene,
202

Schrödinger and,
64–65

Genetic code,
202

Genetics,
43–44
,
61–62

Gerber, Christoph,
94–95

Gibbs, Josiah Willard,
68

Glucose,
193
,
194

Gluons,
241

God

Chardin and,
58

La Mettrie and,
25–26

materialist philosophy and,
20–21

randomness and,
46–47

reason and,
15

soul and,
16

theory of evolution and,
42–43
,
44

Goldberg, Gregory,
209–210

Goldberg’s law of physics,
209

Golgi apparatus,
169
,
170

Gradients, machines and,
127

Graininess of matter,
98

Graunt, John,
53

Gravitational energy,
70
,
74
,
77

Gravitational potential energy,
134–135

Gravity,
84–85

Greek philosophy, life force and,
12–17

Grimble, Ralph,
96

GTP,
206

Guanine,
201
,
202
,
205

Hänggi, Peter,
144–145

Harvey, William,
19–20
,
26

Heart

function of,
19–20

heat and,
26–27

Heat

generation of animal,
26–30

life and,
17

as motion,
37

Heat energy,
70
,
73
,
74

Heinlein, Robert,
94

Helicase,
203
,
204–205
,
209

Helium,
84
,
85

Helmholtz, Hermann von,
36–37
,
63

biophysics and,
90

conservation of energy and,
37
,
38–41
,
60
,
70
,
126–127
,
137

energy from food,
193

evolution and,
44

Helmont, Jan Baptist van,
27

Heredity,
61–62
,
64

Hexagonal close-packing,
103

Hippocrates,
17

Hoerber, Heinrich,
3

Hohenheim, Phillippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von,
18

Holism,
5
,
238–242

L’homme machine,
22–26

Hooke, Robert,
4
,
22
,
28
,
33
,
67

Human body

efficiency of,
136

as machine,
19–22

physical nature of,
24–26

transformation of energy by,
10–11

Human Genome Project,
224

Huxley, Andrew,
187

Huxley, Thomas Henry,
42
,
217

Hydrogen,
84
,
85

Hydrogen bonds

in DNA,
116
,
201
,
205

in water,
110–111

Hydrolysis of ATP,
171–172
,
177–181
,
184–187
,
192

Hydrophilic head, of lipid molecules,
104–105
,
107

Hydrophobic force,
111–112
,
116

Hydrophobic tail, of lipid molecules,
104–105
,
107

Ideal gas law,
65

Information, meaning
vs.,
222–223

Inheritance,
43–44
,
61–62

Inhibition of enzymes,
151–154

Inhibitory binding,
231–232

Instability, creation of snowflake and,
102

Intelligent design,
223
,
245

Interfaces, in nanoscale,
98–99

Irreducibility argument,
221–222