Lincoln: A Life of Purpose and Power (62 page)

Milwaukee Wisconsin Spring Street Congregational Church, 5 Sept., ALP.

CW,
6:30.

J. Mitchell to AL, 1 July, ALP.

Quarles,
Lincoln and the Negro,
p. 134;
CW,
5:503.

S. W. Oakey to AL, 5 Nov., ALP; Michael Burlingame,
The Inner World of Abraham Lincoln
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994), pp. 268–355; Jean H. Baker, “Mary and Abraham: A Marriage,” in Gabor S. Boritt, ed.,
The Lincoln Enigma: The Changing Faces of an American Icon
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 36–55;
DJH,
pp. 194, 345–46;
Lincoln Observed,
pp. 13–14, 43, 226, 239, 261.

HI,
pp. 156, 360, 497, 521; Nicolay,
Oral History,
p. 5.

HI,
pp. 156, 167, 360;
Lincoln Observed,
pp. 209–11; Nicolay,
Oral History,
p. 5;
CW,
6:535.

Congregational Church, General Association of Illinois to AL, 1 Aug. 1861, Linn County, Oregon, Presbyterians to AL, 18 Sept. 1861, Hudson River New York Baptist Association to AL, 18 June 1861, J. Hesser to AL, 15 April 1861, O. Browning to AL, 18 April, 30 Sept., 8 Nov. 1861, J. F. Doolittle to AL, 18 April 1861; N&H, 5:137–38.

E. Nason to AL, 16 April 1861, J. L. Scripps to AL, 23 Sept. 1861, A. Church to AL, 9 June 1862, E. G. Cook to AL, 21 Sept. 1862, ALP.

S. Jocelyn to AL, 26 Sept. 1861, ALP.

Mark A. Noll, “Both Pray to the Same God”: The Singularity of Lincoln’s Faith in the Era of the Civil War,”
Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association,
18, no. 1 (Winter 1997), pp. 11–12; Allen C. Guelzo,
Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President
(Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1999), pp. 319–21; Parrillo, “Lincoln’s Calvinist Transformation,” pp. 237–40.

CW,
4:482–83, 6:244–45; Nicolay,
Oral History,
p. 5.

CW,
5:278–79, 403–4.

Noyes W. Miner, “Personal Recollection of Abraham Lincoln,” pp. 46–48, Illinois State Historical Society;
CW,
5:146, 279, 419–20, 478; Niven, ed.,
Chase Papers,
1:394.

Diary of Gideon Welles,
1:143;
HI,
pp. 167–68.

CW,
5:292, 423–24, 438–39.

CW,
6:358, 365, 409, 440.

CW,
7:51, 8:152.

CW,
7:451, 8:254–55.

CW,
6:56, 149–50, 154, 158, 239, 242–43, 342, 374.

CW,
6:374, 409, 7:51, 499–501, 506–8, 8:1–2.

CW,
6:28, 7:251; Quarles,
Lincoln and the Negro,
p. 219.

The Diary of Orville H. Browning,
ed. Theodore Calvin Pease and James G. Randall, 2 vols. (Springfield: Illinois State Historical Library, 1925), 1:600;
CW,
7:282, 535–36.

CW,
7:281 (emphases added).

CW,
7:368.

CW,
5:52–53; Heather Cox Richardson,
The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies During the Civil War
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997).

CW,
5:535, 537, 7:368; Robert V. Bruce, “The Riddle of Death,” in Boritt, ed.,
The Lincoln Enigma,
pp. 130–45.

CW,
6:244–45, 7:368, 535; Miner, “Recollections,” pp. 45–46.

CW,
5:462.

CW,
6:364–65.

CW,
6:428–29, 7:50–56;
DJH,
p. 69.

CW,
7:55;
DJH,
pp. 121–22;
Lincoln Observed,
pp. 93–95.

CW,
7:433–34. To “pocket veto” a bill is to veto it indirectly, by holding onto it until the legislature adjourns.

CW,
4:426, 438;
DJH,
p. 217.

Lincoln Observed,
p. 142;
CW,
6:364–65, 7:55.

CW,
7:243;
DJH,
p. 253;
RWAL,
p. 291.

CW,
8:403–4.

William C. Harris,
With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1997), p. 266;
CW,
8:404–5.

Harris,
With Charity for All,
pp. 265–75.

William E. Gienapp,
Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 199.

Lincoln Observed,
pp. 159–63;
Diary of Gideon Welles,
2:237.

CW,
8:333.

Matthew 7:1.

Matthew 18:7.

Lincoln Observed,
p. 222;
CW,
8:332–33.

CW,
3:550, 8:333, 356 (emphases added).

6.
The Instruments of Power (1861
–
65)

James G. Randall,
Constitutional Problems Under Lincoln,
rev. ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1951); Mark E. Neely,
The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1991); Herman Belz,
Abraham Lincoln, Constitutionalism, and Equal Rights in the Civil War Era
(New York: Fordham University Press, 1998), pp. 17–43.

Ian Kershaw,
Hitler
(London: Longman, 1991), pp. 10–11 and passim, offers a brilliant analysis of the quintessence of charismatic authority.

CW,
5:346; Mark Grimsley,
The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy Toward Southern Civilians, 1861
–
1865
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 87.

CW,
5:98, 6:257.

William O. Stoddard,
Inside the White House in War Times: Memoirs and Reports of Lincoln’s Secretary,
ed. Michael Burlingame (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), p. 101;
CW,
8:151.

DJH,
pp. 193–94.

Grimsley,
Hard Hand of War,
pp. 171–74, 182, 213.

Neely,
The Fate of Liberty,
pp. 52–53;
CW,
5:436–37, 6:451–52.

Neely,
The Fate of Liberty,
pp. 14–18, 58, 64.

Donald, p. 419.

CW,
6:260–69.

Diary of Gideon Welles: Secretary of the Navy Under Lincoln and Johnson,
3 vols. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 1:432; Howard K. Beale,
The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859
–
1866
(Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1933), p. 306;
CW,
6:460; Neely,
The Fate of Liberty,
pp. 69–71.

D. D. Field to AL, 8 Nov. 1862, ALP; Mark E. Neely, Jr.,
The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982) p. 57;
CW,
6:492.

S. W. Oakey to AL, 5 Nov. 1862, ALP;
HI,
p. 331; Allen C. Guelzo,
Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President
(Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1999), p. 363; Michael Burlingame, ed.,
At Lincoln’s Side: John Hay’s Civil War Correspondence and Selected Writings
(Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), p. 54.

Neely,
The Fate of Liberty,
pp. 113–38.

Guelzo,
Abraham Lincoln,
p. 383; H. Seymour to AL, 3, 21 Aug. 1863, ALP.

RWAL,
p. 195;
CW,
3:424.

DJH,
p. 3; F. B. Carpenter,
The Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln: Six Months at the White House
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995; originally published New York, 1866), p. 264;
CW,
5:424. The words of the final quotation, though not Lincoln’s, were ones to which he enthusiastically assented.

David Donald,
Lincoln Reconsidered: Essays on the Civil War Era
(2nd ed., New York: Random House, 1961), pp. 57–60; William E. Gienapp, “Abraham Lincoln and Presidential Leadership,” in James M. McPherson, ed., “
We Cannot Escape History
”
: Lincoln and the Last Best Hope of Earth
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995), pp. 77–78.

Phillip Shaw Paludan, “
The Better Angels of Our Nature
”
: Lincoln, Propaganda and Public Opinion in the North During the American Civil War
(Lincoln Museum, Fort Wayne, IN, 1992), pp. 12, 17, and passim.

DJH,
p. 128; Neely,
Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia,
p. 68; Carpenter,
Inner Life,
pp. 126–27; N&H, 6:152–53; Burlingame, ed.,
At Lincoln’s Side,
p. 54;
Chicago Tribune,
16 Jan. 1864.

Eric L. McKitrick, “Party Politics and the Union and Confederate War Efforts,” in William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, eds.,
The American Party Systems: Stages of Political Development
(2nd ed., New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), pp. 117–51, presents a powerful case for the value of party to the Union cause. Mark E. Neely, “The Civil War and the Two-Party System,” in McPherson, ed., “
We Cannot Escape History,
” pp. 86–104, offers a cautionary note.

Allan G. Bogue,
The Congressman’s Civil War
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 31–40, 51.

William B. Hesseltine,
Lincoln and the War Governors
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955), pp. 198–200, 314–15, 319–39.

McKitrick, “Party Politics and the Union and Confederate War Efforts,”pp. 148–49, 151; Adam I. P. Smith, “The Presidential Election of 1864: Party Politics and Political Mobilisation During the American Civil War” (Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999), p. 18.

CW,
5:494; H. C. Bowen to AL, 2 Dec. 1862, ALP.

Lincoln Observed,
pp. 64–66, 245;
DJH,
pp. 127, 332 (the correspondent was Whitelaw Reid).

Lincoln’s Journalist,
p. 296.

Lincoln Observed,
pp. 1–11, 50–52, 66, 69–70, 104, 113, 245; Robert S. Harper,
Lincoln and the Press
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1951), pp. 173–75, 221, 282–89.

DJH,
pp. 78, 146.

John W. Forney,
Anecdotes of Public Men,
2 vols. (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1873, 1881), 1:283; Harper,
Lincoln and the Press,
pp. 109–12, 175, 179–84.

Frank Freidel, ed.,
Union Pamphlets of the Civil War,
2 vols. (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1967), 1:1–24.

CW,
6:264; Neely, “The Civil War and the Two-Party System,” pp. 93–94.

CW,
6:267–68.

Smith, “The Presidential Election of 1864,” pp. 53–54.

DJH,
p. 129; Smith, “The Presidential Election of 1864,” pp. 88–100.

Northwestern Christian Advocate,
13, 28 Aug., 16 Oct. 1861.

James H. Moorhead,
American Apocalypse: Yankee Protestants and the Civil War, 1860
–
69
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978), pp. x, 39. See also Peter J. Parish, “The Instruments of Providence: Slavery, Civil War, and the American Churches,” in W. J. Sheils, ed.,
Studies in Church History,
vol. 20:
The Church and War
(Oxford: Blackwell, 1983), pp. 291–320.

Moorhead,
American Apocalypse,
pp. 96–104, 112;
Northwestern Christian Advocate,
12 June, 4 Sept. 1861; Victor B. Howard,
Religion and the Radical Republican Movement, 1860
–
1870
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1990), pp. 11–67; John R. McKivigan,
The War Against Proslavery Religion: Abolitionism and the Northern Churches, 1830
–
1865
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984), pp. 183–201; West Wisconsin Annual Conference of the Wesleyan Methodist Connection of America to AL, 11 Oct. 1862, ALP. The conservative Charles Hodge presents a shimmering example of how the fear of Union defeat worked to blur the line between abolition as legitimate end and emancipation as morally justified means. Charles Hodge, “The General Assembly,”
Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review
36 (July 1864), pp. 538–51.

DJH,
p. 89;
CW,
6:486–87; Brooks D. Simpson and Jean V. Berlin, eds.,
Selected Correspondence of William T. Sherman, 1860
–
1865
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), pp. 500–1.

I. Leeser to AL, 21 Aug. 1862; Board of Delegates of American Israelites to AL, 6 Oct. 1862, 8 Jan. 1863, ALP.

The issue was neither new nor unique to Methodism. The case of S. B. McPheeters had troubled Lincoln since late 1862. This pro-Confederate Presbyterian minister had been forced from his St. Louis pulpit by Unionist troops, though he had not preached rebellion from the pulpit. Lincoln disapproved and countermanded the order. Lewis G. Vander Velde,
The Presbyterian Churches and the Federal Union, 1861
–
1869
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1932), pp. 305–24.

M. Simpson to D. P. Kidder, MEC Bishops’ Autographs and Portraits, United Library, Garrett Evangelical Theological Seminary, Evanston, IL [hereafter IEG]; Donald G. Jones,
The Sectional Crisis and Northern Methodism: A Study in Piety, Political Ethics, and Civil Religion
(Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1979), pp. 36, 40, 42; Robert D. Clark,
The Life of Matthew Simpson
(New York: Macmillan, 1956), pp. 224–35. When the delegation of Methodists met Lincoln in May 1864, Ames, in an informal moment, turned the conversation to the issue of the southern Methodist churches, but Lincoln avoided a direct response.

George Peck,
The Life and Times of Rev. George Peck D.D.
(New York: Nelson and Phillips, 1874), p. 380;
Lincoln Observed,
p. 145; Howard,
Religion and the Radical Republican Movement,
p. 71; Noyes W. Miner, “Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln,” Illinois State Historical Society.

E. Nason to AL, 16 April 1861, O. H. Browning to AL, 30 April 1861, ALP; N&H, 6:322–23;
HI,
p. 602;
CW,
7:535–36; Burlingame, ed.,
At Lincoln’s
Side,
p. 135;
DJH,
p. 132; D. H. Wheeler to D. P. Kidder, 14 Dec. 1863, Kidder Papers, IEG.

Northwestern Christian Advocate,
2 Oct. 1861; C. B. Trippett to D. P. Kidder, 7 July 1863, Kidder Papers, IEG.