Living Low Carb (78 page)

37
. Marjorie R. Freedman, et al., “Popular Diets: A Scientific Review,”
Obesity Research
9 suppl. (2001): 5S–17S, tables 6 and 7,
http://www.atkinsexposed.org/atkins/107/ United_States_Department_of_Agriculture.htm
.

38
. Walter Willett, “R&D: Discover Dialogue,”
Discover
24, no. 3, online edition,
http://www.discover.com
(March 2003); “Too Many Carbs in Your Diet?”,
http://www.ABCnews.com
(9 January 2002); Walter Willett,
Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy
(New York: Fireside, 2001).

39
. USDA Millennium Lecture Series Symposium on the Great Nutrition Debate,
http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/Publications/OtherProjects/SymposiumGreatNutritionDebate Transcript.txt
(February 24, 2000).

Chapter 2: Why Low-Carb Diets Work

1
. Woodson Merrell, “How I Became a Low-Carb Believer,”
Time,
1 November 1999.

2
. Gary Taubes, “What If It’s All Been a Big Fat Lie?”,
New York Times Magazine,
July 7, 2002.

3
. Sharon H. Saydah, et al., “Abnormal Glucose Tolerance and the Risk of Cancer Death in the United States,”
American Journal of Epidemiology
157 (June 15, 2003): 1092–1100; B. A. Stoll, “Upper Abdominal Obesity, Insulin Resistance and Breast Cancer Risk,”
International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders
26, no. 6 (June 2002): 747–753.

4
. Nancy Appleton,
Lick the Sugar Habit
(New York: Avery, 1996).

5
. C. Leigh Broadhurst,
Diabetes: Prevention and Cure
(New York: Kensington, 1999); Christian B. Allan and Wolfgang Lutz,
Life Without Bread
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000).

6
. Walter Willett,
Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy
(New York: Fireside, 2001).

7
. C. Leigh Broadhurst,
Diabetes: Prevention and Cure
(New York: Kensington, 1999); W. M. Ringsdorf, et al., “Sucrose, neutrophilic phagocytosis and resistance to disease,”
Dental Survey
52, no. 12 (1976): 46–48; E. Kijak, et al.,
Southern California State Dental Association Journal
32, no. 8 (September 1964).

8
. Ron Rosedale, “Insulin and Its Metabolic Effects,” lecture given at Boulderfest Nutrition Conference, Boulder, Colo., 1999.

9
. J. Lemann, “Evidence That Glucose Ingestion Inhibits Net Renal Tubular Reabsorption of Calcium and Magnesium,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
70 (1967): 236–245.

10
. John Yudkin, et al., “Effects of High Dietary Sugar,”
British Journal of Medicine
281 (November 22, 1980): 1396.

11
. Ron Rosedale, “Insulin and Its Metabolic Effects,” lecture given at Boulderfest Nutrition Conference, Boulder, Colo., 1999.

12
. J. Michael Gaziano, “Fasting Triglycerides, High-Density Lipoprotein, and Risk of Myocardial Infarction,”
Circulation
96 (1997): 2520–2525.

13
. Gerald Reaven, “An Interview with Gerald Reaven,” interview by Louise Morrin,
The Canadian Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation Newsletter,
September 2000.

14
. Calvin Ezrin, with Kristen L. Caron,
Your Fat Can Make You Thin
(Lincolnwood, Ill.: Contemporary Books, 2001).

15
. Adam Marcus, “Low-Fat Mice Hold Clue to Obesity Treatment,”
Reuters Magazine,
December 7, 2000.

16
. Mitchell Lazar, et al.,
Nature,
January 18, 2001; N. Seppa, “Protein May Tie Obesity to Diabetes,”
Science News
159 (20 January 2001): 36.

17
. Calvin Ezrin, with Kristen L. Caron,
Your Fat Can Make You Thin
(Lincolnwood, Ill.: Contemporary Books, 2001).

18
. D. K. Layman, et al., “A Reduced Ratio of Dietary Carbohydrate to Protein Improves Body Composition and Blood Lipid Profiles During Weight Loss in Adult Women,”
Journal of Nutrition
133, no. 2 (February 2003): 411–417; D. K. Layman, et al., “Increased Dietary Protein Modifies Glucose and Insulin Homeostasis in Adult Women During Weight Loss,”
Journal of Nutrition
133, no. 2 (February 2003): 405–410.

19
. D. K. Layman, et al., “The Role of Leucine in Weight Loss Diets and Glucose Homeostasis,”
Journal of Nutrition
133, no. 1 (January 2003): 261S–267S.

20
. Y. O. Chang and C. C. Soong, “Effect of Feeding Diets Lacking Various Essential Amino Acids on Body Composition of Rats,”
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research
45, no. 2 (1975): 230–236.

21
. D. K. Layman, et al., “A Reduced Ratio of Dietary Carbohydrate to Protein Improves Body Composition and Blood Lipid Profiles during Weight Loss in Adult Women,”
Journal of Nutrition
133, no. 2 (February 2003): 411–417.

22
. C. S. Johnson, et al., “Postprandial Thermogenesis Is Increased 100% on a High-Protein Low-Fat Diet vs. a High-Carbohydrate, Low-Fat Diet in Healthy, Young Women,”
Journal of the American College of Nutrition
21, no. 1 (February 2002): 55–61.

23
. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, “Findings and Recommendations on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome” (American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Washington, D.C., August 25–26, 2002).

24
. Ibid.

25
. Ibid.

26
. Ibid.

27
. National Diabetes Fact Sheet, Centers for Disease Control, August 20, 2003.

28
. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, “Findings and Recommendations on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome” (American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Washington, D.C., August 25–26, 2002).

29
. John E. Gerich, “Contributions of Insulin-Resistance and Insulin-Secretory Defects to the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,”
Mayo Clinic Proceedings
78 (April 2003): 447–456; E. S. Ford, et al., “Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome Among US Adults,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
287 (2002): 356–359.

30
. Dara Myers, “Diabetes Diet War,”
U.S. News & World Report,
July14, 2003, 48–49.

31
. Richard Bernstein,
The Diabetes Solution
(New York: Little, Brown, 1997); C. Leigh Broadhurst,
Diabetes: Prevention and Cure
(New York: Kensington, 1999).

32
. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, “Findings and Recommendations on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome” (American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Washington, D.C., August 25–26, 2002).

33
. Laure Morin-Papunen, “Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome,” PhD diss., University of Oulu, Finland, 2000.

34
. Mark Perloe, “Polycystic Ovary Syndrome,”
http://www.ivf.com/pcostreat.html
.

35
. Ron Rosedale, “Insulin and Its Metabolic Effects,” lecture given at Boulderfest Nutrition Conference, Boulder, Colo., 1999.

36
. Vincenzo Marigliano, et al., “Normal Values in Extreme Old Age,”
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
673 (December 22, 1992): 23–28.

37
. J. Salmeron, et al., “Dietary Fat Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
73, no. 6 (June 2001): 1019–1026.

38
. B. V. Mann, “Metabolic Consequences of Dietary Trans-Fatty Acids,”
Lancet
343 (1994): 1268–1271.

39
. Elson Haas,
The False Fat Diet
(New York: Ballantine, 2000).

40
. Joseph Mercola, “Celiac Disease (Wheat Intolerance) More Common,”
http://www.mercola.com
(July 2, 2003).

41
. James Braly with Ron Hoggan,
Dangerous Grains
(New York: Avery, 2002).

42
. Joseph Mercola with Alison Rose Levy,
The No-Grain Diet
(New York: Dutton, 2003).

43
. S. Liu, et al., “A Prospective Study of Dietary Glycemic Load, Carbohydrate Intake, and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in U.S. Women,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
71, no. 6 (June 2000): 1455–1461.

44
. Walter Willett, et al., “Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
76, no. 1 (July 2002): 274S–280S.

Chapter 3: Fat, Cholesterol, and Health: Have We Been Misled?

1
. In fact, one particular omega-6 fat—linolenic acid—is actually an essential fatty acid, meaning that it’s required for health but your body can’t make it, so you must get it from your diet.

2
.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071203091236.htm
.

3
.
http://news.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-3/Food-fried-in-vegetable-oil-may-contain-toxic-compound-11958-1
.

4
. James H. Hays, Angela DiSabatino, et al., “Effect of a High Saturated Fat and No-Starch Diet on Serum Lipid Subfractions in Patients with Documented Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease,”
Mayo Clinic Proceedings
78, no. 11 (November 2003): 1331-1336.

5
. Jeff Volek and Cassandra Forsythe, “The Case for Not Restricting Saturated Fat on a Low Carbohydrate Diet,”
Nutrition & Metabolism
2 (2005): 21,
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1208952
.

6
. Walter C. Willett and Alberto Ascherio, “Commentary: Trans-Fatty Acids: Are the Effects Only Marginal?”
American Journal of Public Health
84 (1994): 722–724.

7
. M. A. French, K. Sundram, and M. T. Clandinin, “Cholesterolaemic Effect of Palmitic Acid in Relation to Other Dietary Fatty Acids,”
Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
11 Suppl 7 (2002): S401–S407.

8
. H. M. Krumholz, S. S. Seeman, et al., “Lack of Association between Cholesterol and Coronary Heart Disease Mortality and Morbidity and All-Cause Mortality in Persons Older than 70 Years,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
272, no. 17 (November 2, 1994), 1335–1340,
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/272/17/1335
.

9
. Chris Kresser, “Cholesterol Doesn’t Cause Heart Disease” (June 10, 2008),
http:// thehealthyskeptic.org/cholesterol-doesnt-cause-heart-disease
.

10
. Michel de Lorgeril, et al., “Mediterranean Diet, Traditional Risk Factors, and the Rate of Cardiovascular Complications After Myocardial Infarction: Final Report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study,”
Circulation
99 (1999): 779–785,
http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/99/6/779
.

11
. Antonio M. Gotto Jr., “Triglyceride: The Forgotten Risk Factor,”
Circulation
97, no. 11 (1998): 1027–1028.

12
. J. Michael Gaziano, et al., “Fasting Triglycerides, High-Density Lipoprotein, and Risk of Myocardial Infarction,”
Circulation
96 (1997): 2520–2525.

13
. J. Michael Gaziano, et al., “Fasting Triglycerides, High-Density Lipoprotein, and Risk of Myocardial Infarction,”
Circulation
96 (1997): 2520–2525.

14
. Cleveland Clinic, Miller Family Heart & Vascular Institute, Nutrition–Cholesterol Guidelines,
http://my.clevelandclinic.org/heart/prevention/nutrition/atp3.aspx
.

15
. Stephen R. Daniels, Frank R. Greer, and the Committee on Nutrition, “Lipid Screening and cardiovascular health in childhood,”
Pediatrics
122, no. 1 (July 2008): 198-208,
http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;122/1/198
(note that the “122/1/198” at the end
is
part of the URL).

16
. Walter Willett,
World Health News,
March 29, 2000,
http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/results.php?storyarticle=243
.

Chapter 4: So Why Isn’t Everyone on a Low-Carb Diet? (OR Why Your Doctor Doesn’t Know about This Stuff)

1
. I always wondered why the critics didn’t refer to the Zone as a low-fat diet. After all, the Zone actually recommends the exact same amount of fat as the USDA Food Guide Pyramid recommends: 30% of calories. (The exact wording on the USDA Web site is to “choose a diet low in fat,” defined as 30% or less of calories.) From that perspective, the Zone is right in keeping with government recommendations. Yet I never once heard any spokesperson from the American Dietetic Assocation (or any other conventional health organization) call the Zone a “low-fat diet.” They’ve been far too busy attacking it for being “low in carbs” (translated: “spawn of Satan”).

2
. Loren Cordain, “Cereal Grains: Humanity’s Double-Edged Sword,” in Artemis P. Simopoulos, ed.,
Evolutionary Aspects of Nutrition and Health. Diet, Exercise, Genetics and Chronic Disease. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics
vol. 84 (Basel: Karger, 1999), 19–73,
http://www.thepaleodiet.com/articles/Cereal%20article.pdf
.

3
. Negative Population Growth Web site,
http://www.npg.org/facts/world_pop_year.htm
.

4
. Social psychologists call this state “cognitive dissonance” and theorize that people will do everything they can to “reconcile” conflicting beliefs to avoid the discomfort that comes from holding two antithetical positions such as “I eat a ton of sugar” and “sugar is bad for me.” A tried and tested way to resolve that particular dissonance is to think “sugar’s not so bad after all” (or “everything in moderation”).

Chapter 5: Is There Such a Thing as the “Metabolic Advantage” of Low-Carb Diets?