Read LPI Linux Certification in a Nutshell Online
Authors: Adam Haeder; Stephen Addison Schneiter; Bruno Gomes Pessanha; James Stanger
Tags: #Reference:Computers
A link is a pseudonym for another file.
Links take up very little space in the filesystem.
A
symbolic link
is a tiny file that
contains a pointer to another file. Symbolic links can span
filesystems.
A
hard link
is a copy of a file’s
directory entry. Both directory entries point to the same inode
and thus the same data, ownership, and permissions.
ln
has the following syntax:
lnfile
link
lnfiles
directory
Createlink
tofile
or indirectory
for allfiles
. Symbolic links are created with the
-s
option.
The FHS is used by Linux distributions to
standardize
filesystem layout. It defines two categories of data
use, each with opposing subtypes:
Sharable data can be used by multiple host systems on
a network. Nonsharable data is unique to one particular host
system.
Variable data is changed continually by naturally
occurring (i.e., frequent) processes. Static data is left
alone, remaining unchanged over extended periods of
time.
The FHS seeks to define the filesystem contents in these
terms and locate information accordingly.
The root filesystem (
/
):
Must contain utilities and files sufficient to boot the
operating system, including the ability to mount other
filesystems.
Should contain the utilities needed by the system
administrator to repair or restore a damaged system.
Should be relatively small.
/usr
contains system utilities and
programs that do not appear in the
/
(root)
filesystem. It includes directories such as
bin
,
lib
,
local
, and
src
.
/var
contains varying data such as
printer spools and logfiles, including directories such as
log
,
mail
, and
spool
.
Various methods can be used to locate files in the
filesystem:
command
Determine the location ofcommand
and display the full
pathname of the executable program that the shell would
launch to execute it.
paths
expression
Search for files that matchexpression
, starting atpaths
and continuing
recursively.
patterns
Locate files whose names match one or morepatterns
by searching an index of
files previously created.
Refresh (or create) the
slocate
database, usually via
cron
.
keywords
keywords
Search the
whatis
database forkeywords
.
whatis
finds only exact matches,
whereas
apropos
finds partial word
matches.
LPI Exam 102 is the second of two exams required for the LPI’s
Level 1 certification (officially referred to as LPIC 1). This exam tests
your knowledge on 6 of the 10 major Topic areas specified for LPIC Level 1.
Each section details certain Objectives, which are described here and on the
LPI
website
.
Each Topic contains a series of Objectives covering specific areas of
expertise. Each of these Objectives is assigned a numeric weight, which acts
as an indicator of the importance of the Objective. Weights run between 1
and 8, with higher numbers indicating more importance. An Objective carrying
a weight of 1 can be considered relatively unimportant and isn’t likely to
be covered in much depth on the exam. Objectives with larger weights are
sure to be covered on the exam, so you should study these Topics closely.
The weights of the Objectives are provided at the beginning of each Topic
section.
Exam Topics are numbered using the
topic.objective
notation (e.g., 101.1, 101.2, 102.1).
The 100 series topics represent LPI Level 1 certification topics, which are
unique to all levels of LPI exams (e.g., 101, 102, 201, 202, etc.). The
objective number represents the objectives that are associated with the
Topic area (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on).
The Level 1 Topics are distributed between the two exams to create
tests of similar length and difficulty without subject matter overlap. As a
result, there’s no requirement or advantage to taking the exams in sequence,
the only caveat being that you cannot be awarded an LPIC 2 or higher
certifications until you pass the requirements for the lower level
certification.
The Topics for Exam 102 are listed in
Table 11-1
.
Table 11-1. LPI Topics for Exam 102
Name | Number of | Description |
---|---|---|
Shells, Scripting, and Data | 3 | Covers the shell and its startup files and |
User Interfaces and | 3 | The X-based Objectives cover only subjects |
Administrative Tasks | 3 | Covers all of the basic administrative |
Essential System | 4 | Covers administering system services that |
Networking | 3 | Explores TCP/IP, network interfaces, DHCP, |
Security | 3 | Covers security issues such as SUID |
Exam 102 lasts a maximum of 90 minutes and contains exactly 60
questions. The exam is administered using a custom application on a PC in a
private room with no notes or other reference material. The majority of the
exam is made up of multiple-choice single-answer questions. These questions
have only one correct answer and are answered using radio buttons. A few of
the questions present a scenario needing administrative action. Others seek
the appropriate commands for performing a particular task or for proof of
understanding of a particular concept. Some people may get an exam with an
additional 20 items. These items are used to test new questions and don’t
count as part of the score. An additional 30 minutes is provided in this
case, and there is no indication of which items are unscored.
The exam also includes a few multiple-choice multiple-answer
questions, which are answered using checkboxes. These questions can have
multiple correct responses, each of which must be checked. These are
probably the most difficult type of question to answer because the
possibility of multiple answers increases the likelihood of mistakes. An
incorrect response on any one of the possible answers causes you to miss the
entire question.
The exam also has some fill-in-the-blank questions. These questions
provide a one-line text area input box for you to fill in your answer. These
questions check your knowledge of concepts such as important files,
commands, or well-known facts that you are expected to know.
The second part of this book contains a section for each of the six
Topics found on Exam 102 for LPIC Level 1 certification. Each of the
following tables details the Objectives described for the corresponding
Topic on the
LPI
website
.
LPI Exam 102 is thorough, but if you have a solid foundation
in Linux concepts as described here, you should find it straightforward.
If you’ve already taken Exam 101, you’ll find that Exam 102 covers a
broader range of Linux administration skills. Included are user
interfaces, printing, documentation, shells and scripting, administrative
tasks, networking fundamentals, system services, and security. Exam 102 is
quite specific on some Topics, such as network applications (for example,
Sendmail), but you won’t come across questions intended to trick you, and
you’re
unlikely
to find questions
that you feel are ambiguous.
For clarity, this material is presented in the same order as the LPI
Topics and Objectives. To assist you with your preparation,
Table 12-1
through 12-9 provide a complete listing of the Topics and Objectives for
Exam 102. Because of changes made during test development, the final
Objectives are not always in exact numerical order. After you complete
your study of each Objective, simply check it off here to measure and
organize your progress.
Table 12-1. Shells, Scripting, and Data Management (Topic 105)
Objective | Weight | Description |
---|---|---|
1 | 4 | Customize and Use the Shell |
2 | 4 | Customize or Write Simple |
3 | 2 | SQL Data Management |
Table 12-2. The X Window System (Topic 106)
Objective | Weight | Description |
---|---|---|
1 | 2 | Install and Configure X11 |
2 | 2 | Set Up a Display Manager |
3 | 1 | Accessibility |
Table 12-3. Administrative Tasks (Topic 107)
Objective | Weight | Description |
---|---|---|
1 | 5 | Manage User and Group Accounts and |
2 | 4 | Automate System Administration Tasks by |
3 | 3 | Localization and |
Table 12-4. Essential System Services (Topic 108)
Objective | Weight | Description |
---|---|---|
1 | 3 | Maintain System Time |
2 | 2 | System Logging |
3 | 3 | Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) |
4 | 2 | Manage Printers and |
Table 12-5. Networking Fundamentals (Topic 109)
Objective | Weight | Description |
---|---|---|
1 | 4 | Fundamentals of Internet |
2 | 4 | Basic Network |
3 | 4 | Basic Network |
4 | 2 | Configuring Client Side |
Table 12-6. Security (Topic 110)
Objective | Weight | Description |
---|---|---|
1 | 3 | Perform Security Administration |
2 | 3 | Set Up Host Security |
3 | 3 | Securing Data with |