LPI Linux Certification in a Nutshell (41 page)

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Authors: Adam Haeder; Stephen Addison Schneiter; Bruno Gomes Pessanha; James Stanger

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BOOK: LPI Linux Certification in a Nutshell
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Objective 104.6: Create and Change Hard and Symbolic
Links
Concepts
  • A link is a pseudonym for another file.

  • Links take up very little space in the filesystem.

  • A
    symbolic link
    is a tiny file that
    contains a pointer to another file. Symbolic links can span
    filesystems.

  • A
    hard link
    is a copy of a file’s
    directory entry. Both directory entries point to the same inode
    and thus the same data, ownership, and permissions.

ln

ln
has the following syntax:

  • ln
    file
    link

  • ln
    files
    directory

Create
link
to
file
or in
directory
for all
files
. Symbolic links are created with the
-s
option.

Objective 104.7: Find System Files and Place Files in the Correct
Location
File Hierarchy Standard (FHS)
  • The FHS is used by Linux distributions to
    standardize
    filesystem layout. It defines two categories of data
    use, each with opposing subtypes:

    Data sharing

    Sharable data can be used by multiple host systems on
    a network. Nonsharable data is unique to one particular host
    system.

    Data modification

    Variable data is changed continually by naturally
    occurring (i.e., frequent) processes. Static data is left
    alone, remaining unchanged over extended periods of
    time.

  • The FHS seeks to define the filesystem contents in these
    terms and locate information accordingly.

The directory hierarchy
  • The root filesystem (
    /
    ):

    • Must contain utilities and files sufficient to boot the
      operating system, including the ability to mount other
      filesystems.

    • Should contain the utilities needed by the system
      administrator to repair or restore a damaged system.

    • Should be relatively small.

  • /usr
    contains system utilities and
    programs that do not appear in the
    /
    (root)
    filesystem. It includes directories such as
    bin
    ,
    lib
    ,
    local
    , and
    src
    .

  • /var
    contains varying data such as
    printer spools and logfiles, including directories such as
    log
    ,
    mail
    , and
    spool
    .

Locating files
  • Various methods can be used to locate files in the
    filesystem:

    which
    command

    Determine the location of
    command
    and display the full
    pathname of the executable program that the shell would
    launch to execute it.

    find
    paths
    expression

    Search for files that match
    expression
    , starting at
    paths
    and continuing
    recursively.

    locate
    patterns

    Locate files whose names match one or more
    patterns
    by searching an index of
    files previously created.

    updatedb

    Refresh (or create) the
    slocate
    database, usually via
    cron
    .

    whatis
    keywords
    apropos
    keywords

    Search the
    whatis
    database for
    keywords
    .
    whatis
    finds only exact matches,
    whereas
    apropos
    finds partial word
    matches.

Chapter 11. Exam 102 Overview

LPI Exam 102 is the second of two exams required for the LPI’s
Level 1 certification (officially referred to as LPIC 1). This exam tests
your knowledge on 6 of the 10 major Topic areas specified for LPIC Level 1.
Each section details certain Objectives, which are described here and on the
LPI
website
.

Each Topic contains a series of Objectives covering specific areas of
expertise. Each of these Objectives is assigned a numeric weight, which acts
as an indicator of the importance of the Objective. Weights run between 1
and 8, with higher numbers indicating more importance. An Objective carrying
a weight of 1 can be considered relatively unimportant and isn’t likely to
be covered in much depth on the exam. Objectives with larger weights are
sure to be covered on the exam, so you should study these Topics closely.
The weights of the Objectives are provided at the beginning of each Topic
section.

Exam Topics are numbered using the
topic.objective
notation (e.g., 101.1, 101.2, 102.1).
The 100 series topics represent LPI Level 1 certification topics, which are
unique to all levels of LPI exams (e.g., 101, 102, 201, 202, etc.). The
objective number represents the objectives that are associated with the
Topic area (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on).

The Level 1 Topics are distributed between the two exams to create
tests of similar length and difficulty without subject matter overlap. As a
result, there’s no requirement or advantage to taking the exams in sequence,
the only caveat being that you cannot be awarded an LPIC 2 or higher
certifications until you pass the requirements for the lower level
certification.

The Topics for Exam 102 are listed in
Table 11-1
.

Table 11-1. LPI Topics for Exam 102

Name

Number of
objectives

Description

Shells, Scripting, and Data
Management

3

Covers the shell and its startup files and
writing
bash
scripts, querying databases, and
manipulating data using basic SQL commands.

User Interfaces and
Desktops

3

The X-based Objectives cover only subjects
that every Level 1 sysadmin is expected to encounter. Some of these
tasks include installing and configuring X11, setting up a display
manager such as XDM, GDM, or KDM, and installing and understanding
basic accessibility tools.

Administrative Tasks

3

Covers all of the basic administrative
tasks done by a junior level Linux sysadmin, including managing
users and groups, user environment variables, job scheduling, and
data backup.

Essential System
Services

4

Covers administering system services that
must be configured, including maintaining system time, system logs,
basic understanding of mail transfer agents, and managing
printing.

Networking
Fundamentals

3

Explores TCP/IP, network interfaces, DHCP,
and client-side DNS; includes troubleshooting
commands.

Security

3

Covers security issues such as SUID
issues,
ssh
client use, GPG for data
encryption, and user limits.

Exam 102 lasts a maximum of 90 minutes and contains exactly 60
questions. The exam is administered using a custom application on a PC in a
private room with no notes or other reference material. The majority of the
exam is made up of multiple-choice single-answer questions. These questions
have only one correct answer and are answered using radio buttons. A few of
the questions present a scenario needing administrative action. Others seek
the appropriate commands for performing a particular task or for proof of
understanding of a particular concept. Some people may get an exam with an
additional 20 items. These items are used to test new questions and don’t
count as part of the score. An additional 30 minutes is provided in this
case, and there is no indication of which items are unscored.

The exam also includes a few multiple-choice multiple-answer
questions, which are answered using checkboxes. These questions can have
multiple correct responses, each of which must be checked. These are
probably the most difficult type of question to answer because the
possibility of multiple answers increases the likelihood of mistakes. An
incorrect response on any one of the possible answers causes you to miss the
entire question.

The exam also has some fill-in-the-blank questions. These questions
provide a one-line text area input box for you to fill in your answer. These
questions check your knowledge of concepts such as important files,
commands, or well-known facts that you are expected to know.

Chapter 12. Exam 102 Study Guide

The second part of this book contains a section for each of the six
Topics found on Exam 102 for LPIC Level 1 certification. Each of the
following tables details the Objectives described for the corresponding
Topic on the
LPI
website
.

Exam Preparation

LPI Exam 102 is thorough, but if you have a solid foundation
in Linux concepts as described here, you should find it straightforward.
If you’ve already taken Exam 101, you’ll find that Exam 102 covers a
broader range of Linux administration skills. Included are user
interfaces, printing, documentation, shells and scripting, administrative
tasks, networking fundamentals, system services, and security. Exam 102 is
quite specific on some Topics, such as network applications (for example,
Sendmail), but you won’t come across questions intended to trick you, and
you’re
unlikely
to find questions
that you feel are ambiguous.

For clarity, this material is presented in the same order as the LPI
Topics and Objectives. To assist you with your preparation,
Table 12-1
through 12-9 provide a complete listing of the Topics and Objectives for
Exam 102. Because of changes made during test development, the final
Objectives are not always in exact numerical order. After you complete
your study of each Objective, simply check it off here to measure and
organize your progress.

Table 12-1. Shells, Scripting, and Data Management (Topic 105)

Objective

Weight

Description

1

4

Customize and Use the Shell
Environment

2

4

Customize or Write Simple
Scripts

3

2

SQL Data Management

Table 12-2. The X Window System (Topic 106)

Objective

Weight

Description

1

2

Install and Configure X11

2

2

Set Up a Display Manager

3

1

Accessibility

Table 12-3. Administrative Tasks (Topic 107)

Objective

Weight

Description

1

5

Manage User and Group Accounts and
Related System Files

2

4

Automate System Administration Tasks by
Scheduling Jobs

3

3

Localization and
Internationalization

Table 12-4. Essential System Services (Topic 108)

Objective

Weight

Description

1

3

Maintain System Time

2

2

System Logging

3

3

Mail Transfer Agent (MTA)
Basics

4

2

Manage Printers and
Printing

Table 12-5. Networking Fundamentals (Topic 109)

Objective

Weight

Description

1

4

Fundamentals of Internet
Protocols

2

4

Basic Network
Configuration

3

4

Basic Network
Troubleshooting

4

2

Configuring Client Side
DNS

Table 12-6. Security (Topic 110)

Objective

Weight

Description

1

3

Perform Security Administration
Tasks

2

3

Set Up Host Security

3

3

Securing Data with
Encryption

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