Mathematics and the Real World (73 page)

calculus,
59
,
108
,
110
,
114
,
135
,
320

infinitesimal,
108

tensorial,
152

of variations,
369

central limit theorem,
201

Ceres (asteroid),
203
,
280
,
309

chaos theory,
332
,
376

Chinese dynasties,
41

Church-Turing thesis,
292

Clever Hans (horse),
21

completeness of axioms,
336

computability theory,
288

conditional probability,
212
,
402

Condorcet's paradox,
237

consistency of axioms,
336

control theory,
366

Cournot-Nash equilibrium,
247

cycloid,
368

Dedekind cuts,
322
,
397

deferent,
85
,
91
,
101

definitions,
58

derivative,
109
,
318
,
321

partial,
124

second,
109

dice,
164
,
185

differential equations,
108
,
113

Dirac's equation,
167

doubling a cube,
56

E = mc
²
,
151

econometrics,
229

Egyptian kingdom,
41
,
67
,
275

electricity,
129
,
134

electron,
160
,
166

elementary particles,
167

ellipse,
86
,
100

ENIAC (computer),
285

epicycle,
85
,
91
,
101

ether,
83
,
119
,
132
,
150

evolution,
15
,
176
,
228

evolutionary rationality,
258
,
261
,
266

exhaustion method,
58
,
277

expectation,
196

exponential rate,
293

factorization of prime numbers,
303

Fermat's last theorem,
37
,
192
,
339
,
351

Fermat's principle,
121
,
149

field theory,
364

fluxion,
111

formalism,
75

four-color problem,
312
,
356

Fourier series,
280

fractals,
176

gambler's fallacy,
200

games,
244

battle of the sexes,
249

of chance,
185

in cooperative form,
254

heads or tails,
249

prisoner's dilemma,
247

in strategic form,
245

zero-sum game,
250

Gaussian distribution,
203

genetic algorithms,
308

geodesic,
147

Gödel's incompleteness theorem,
337

Goldbach's conjecture,
340

golden cut/golden ratio,
31

Granger-Sims causality test,
231

group,
167

group theory,
363

Halley's comet,
118

heliocentric model,
84
,
91
,
94

heuristic

anchoring,
267

availability,
262

believing,
269

protection of property,
272

representativeness,
262

what was, will be,
271

homeomorphism,
357

hot hand,
224

illusions

mental,
215

optical,
64

independence of trials,
210

inertia,
98

infinity,
38
,
62
,
325
,
399

actual,
62
,
326

potential,
62
,
326

input,
284

integral,
110

intuition,
344

intuitionism,
334
,
339

invisible hand,
227

Kepler's laws,
100

KSA (method to identify prime numbers),
299

law of contradiction,
61
,
143
,
401

law of excluded middle,
61
,
401

law of large numbers

strong,
214

weak,
199

Let's Make a Deal
(television show),
404

liar's paradox,
333

limit,
58
,
320

logarithms,
279

macroeconomics,
228

magnetic field,
132

magnetism,
130
,
134

Maxwell's equation,
137
,
139
,
140
,
163
,
375

Michelson-Morley experiment,
150

minimax theorem,
244
,
251

modus ponens,
60

modus tollens,
60

molecular computation,
311

momentum,
121
,
163

Müller-Lyer illusion,
64

neural networks,
307

neutron,
160

Newton's law of gravity,
115
,
153

Newton's laws,
114
,
140

normal distribution,
203

NP (class of problems),
294

NP-complete,
295

numbers

complex,
317

irrational,
52
,
57
,
316
,
321
,
396
,
400

natural,
37
,
51
,
58
,
69
,
126
,
294
,
322
,
336
,
364
,
379
,
389
,
396

negative,
316

prime,
38
,
53

rational,
53
,
322
,
328
,
396
,
400

real,
317
,
327
,
327
,
364
,
396

whole,
53
,
397
,
406

omega minus,
168

one-way function,
303

open problems,
348
,
352

output,
284

P (class of problems),
293

P = NP (open problem),
295

parabola,
86
,
98

Pascaline (machine),
283

Pascal's wager,
193

Penrose tiling,
362