Modern Times: The World From the Twenties to the Nineties (161 page)

72 Fausold and Mazuzan, op. cit., 10.

73 Quoted by Albert Romasco, ‘The End of the Old Order or the Beginning of the New’, in Fausold and Mazuzan, op. cit., 80.

74
Ibid., 91, 92
.

75
H.G.Wells
,
An Experiment in Autobiography
(London 1934)
.

76
Roger Daniels
,
The Bonus March: an Episode in the Great Depression
(Westport 1971), esp. chapter 10, ‘The Bonus March as Myth’
.

77
Theodore Joslin
,
Hoover Off the Record
(New York 1934); DonaldJ.Lision
,
The President and Protest: Hoover, Conspiracy and the Bonus Riot
(University of Missouri 1974), 254ff
.

78
James MacGregor Burns
,
Roosevelt: the Lion and the Fox
(New York 1956), 20
.

79
Quoted in Ekirch, op. cit
.

80
Ekirch, op. cit., 87–90
.

81
Letter to Christian Gaus, 24 April 1934, in Elena Wilson (ed.), op. cit., 245
.

82
Hoover, speech at Madison Square Garden 31 October 1932
.

83
Roosevelt, acceptance speech at Democratic Party Convention
.

84
Frank Freidel, ‘The Interregnum Struggle Between Hoover and Roosevelt’, in Fausold and Mazuzan, op. cit., 137
.

85
Ibid., 137–8. In the Hoover papers there is a document entitled ‘My personal relations with Mr Roosevelt’
.

86
Burns, op. cit., 162
.

87
Trohan, op. cit., 83—4
.

88
For composition of this speech, see Samuel I. Rosenman
,
Working with Roosevelt
(New York 1952), 81–99. The idea came from Thoreau
.

89
Moley, op. cit., 151
.

90
Burns, op. cit., 148–9
.

91
Press conferences of 24 March and 19 and 26 April 1933
.

92
Burns, op. cit., 167, 172; Elliot Roosevelt (ed.), FDR: His
Personal Letters
,
4 vols (New York 1947–50), 1339–40, letter to Josephus Daniels 27 March 1933; Trohan, op. cit., 64
.

93
J.M.Keynes in
New York Times
,
31 December 1933
.

94 Joan Robinson, ‘What Has Become of the Keynesian Revolution?’ in Milo Keynes (ed.) op. cit., 135; Raymond Moley,
The First New Deal
(New York 1966), 4.

95 Faulkner, op. cit., 658—62.

96 Arthur M.Schlesinger,
The
Coming of the New Deal
(Boston
1958), 123; Manchester, op. cit., 89.

97 Leverett S. Lyon et
al., The
National Recovery Administration
(Washington DC 1935).

98 Quoted in Eric Goldman,
Rendezvous with Destiny
(New
York 1952).

99 Broadus Mitchel,
et
al.,
Depression Decade
(New York 1947).

100 Walter Lippmann,’The Permanent
New Deal
,
Yale Review
,
24
(1935), 649–67.

101 For example, William Myers and Walter Newton,
The Hoover
Administration: a Documented
Narrative
(New York 1936).

102 Francis Sill Wickware in
Fortune
, January 1940;
Economic
Indicators: Historical and Descriptive Supplement, Joint Committee on the Economic
Report
(Washington DC 1953); Galbraith, op. cit., 173; Rostow,
World Economy
,
Table 111—42
.

103 Keynes in
New Republic
, 29 July 1940.

104 Trohan, op. cit., 59ff., 67–8, 115.

105 Joseph P. Lash,
Eleanor and Franklyn
(New York 1971), 220ff.; Doris Feber,
The.Life of
Lorena Hickok, ER’s Friend
(New
York 1980), passim; RichardW. Steele, ‘FranklinD. Roosevelt and his Foreign Policy Critics’,
Political
Science Quarterly
,
Spring 1979
.

106 ‘The Hullabaloo over the Brains Trust’,
Literary Review
, cxv 1933.

107 Bernard Sternsher,
Rexford
Tugwell and the New Deal
(Rutgers 1964), 114–15; Otis Graham: ‘Historians and the New Deals’,
Social Studies
, April 1963.

108 Manchester, op. cit., 84.

109
Lippmann
,
Saturday Review of
Literature
, 11 December 1926.

110 Fecher, op. cit.

111 George Wolfskill and John
Hudson
,
All But the People: FranklynD. Roosevelt and his
Critics
(New York 1969), 5–16.

112 Elizabeth Nowell (ed.),
The Letters
of Thomas Wolfe
(New York
1956), 551ff.

113 Quoted in Ekirch, op. cit., 27–8.

114 Stuart Chase,
The New Deal
(New York 1932), 252.

115 Frank Warren,
Liberals and Communism
(Bloomington 1966), chapter 4.

* Mencken himself was variously described as a polecat, a Prussian, a British toady, a howling hyena, a parasite, a mangy mongrel, an affected ass, an unsavoury creature, putrid of soul, a public nuisance, a literary stink-pot, a mountebank, a rantipole, a vain hysteric, an outcast, a literary renegade, and a trained elephant who wrote the gibberish of an imbecile: Charles Fecher:
Mencken: A Study of his Thought
(New York 1978), 179 footnote.

8 The Devils

1 Dmitri Shostakovitch,
Memoirs
.

2 BorisI.Nicolaevsky,
Power and the
Soviet Elite: ‘The Letter of an Old Bolshevik’ and Other Essays
(New
York 1965), 3–65.

3 Quoted in K.E.Voroshilov, Stalin
and the Armed Forces of the USSR
(Moscow 1951), 19.

4
Albert Seaton
,
Stalin as Warlord
(London 1976), 29ff.

5 Stephen F. Cohen,
Bukharin and
the Bolshevik Revolution
(London
1974).

6
E.H.Carr
,
From Napoleon to Stalin and Other Essays
(London
1980), 156.

7 Isaac Deutscher’s three-volume life
of Trotsky is
The Prophet Armed
(Oxford 1954),
The Prophet
Unarmed
(1959)
,
The Prophet
Outcast
(1963), but it is his
Stalin:
a Political Biography
(1949, 1966
, 1967) which gives his best-known presentation of the Stalin-Trotsky dichotomy. For an exposure of his work, see Leopold Labedz, ‘Isaac Deutscher’s “Stalin”: an Unpublished Critique’,
Encounter
, January 1979, 65–82.

8 W.H.Chamberlin,
The Russian
Revolution 1917–1921, 2
vols
(New York 1935), II 119.

9 Hingley, op. cit., 162–3; Paul Avrich,
Kronstadt 1921
(Princeton 1970), 176–8, 211.

10 Leon Trotsky,
Their Morals and Ours
(New York 1942), 35.

11 Kolakowski, op. cit., III 186, 199.

12 Leonard Schapiro,
The Communist
Party of the Soviet Union
(2nd ed
. London 1970), 353.

13
Boris Bajanov
,
Avec Staline dans le
Kremlin
(Paris 1930), 74–7, 91, 145, 156ff.

14 Trotsky, My
Life
(London 1930), 433, claimed he was deliberately misinformed of the time of the funeral.

15 Ian Grey,
Stalin: Man of History
(London 1979), 199–200.

16 Stalin,
Collected Works
, vi 328.

17 The circumstances of Frunze’s death are described in Boris Pilnyak’s novel,
Tale of the Unextinguished Moon;
and in Trotsky’s
Stalin: an Appraisal of the Man and his Influence
, 2 vols (tr. London 1969), II 250–1.

18 Hingley, op. cit., 168.

19 Quoted in Deutscher,
Stalin
, 311.

20 E.H.Carr and R.W.Davies,
Foundations of a Planned Economy
(London 1974 ed.), 184–5.

21 Carr,
Foundations
, 1165–6; Hingley, op. cit., 191; Deutscher,
Stalin
, 314; B.Souvarine,
Stalin
(London, n.d.), 485.

22 Stalin,
Collected Works
, x 191.

23 Eugene Lyons,
Assignment in Utopia
(London 1937), 117, 123, 127.

24 Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov,
Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party
(London 1959), 28–9.

25 Hingley, op. cit., 197.

26 Lyons, op. cit., 372.

27 Stalin,
Collected Works
, XII 14.

28 Cohen, op. cit., 372.

29 Hingley, op. cit., 201; Souvarine, op. cit., 577.

30 Hingley, op. cit., 200.

31 Schapiro,
Communist Party
, 368.

32 Kolakowski, op. cit., III 25ff.

33 Stalin,
Collected Works
, VIII 142; Carr,
Foundations
, 128–9.

34 For figures see Carr,
Foundations
, I 120–1.

35 M.Fainsod,
Smolensk under Soviet Rule
(London 1958), 46; Stalin,
Collected Works
, xi, 44–5, 48.

36 Tatiana Chernavin,
Escape from the Soviets
(tr. London 1933), 37.