Modern Times: The World From the Twenties to the Nineties (171 page)

45 G.D.Scholtz,
Dr H. F. Verwoerd
(London 1974).

46 Ambrose Reeves,
Shooting at Sharpeville
(London 1961).

47 Davenport, op. cit., 270–1.

48 Ibid., 296–7, with diagram of population growth.

49 Ibid., 304–5.

50 Ibid., 376 for mineral map.

51
Wall Street Journal
,
10 July 1980
.

52 Ibid., 4 August 1980.

53 Naipaul, op. cit., 231.

54 Richard West,
The White Tribes Revisited
(London 1978), 16ff.

55 Naipaul, op. cit., 232–3.

56 Quoted in Marnham, op. cit., 196.

57 West, op. cit., 147.

58 Marnham, op. cit., 112.

59 Ibid., 125ff.

60
Inside East Africa
, August-September 1960.

61
Sunday News
(Dar es Salaam), 26 January 1964.

62 ‘One Party Government’,
Transition
, December 1961.

63
Report of the Presidential Commission on the Establishment of a Democratic One Party State
, (Dar es Salaam 1965), 2.

64 Lionel Cliffe (ed.),
One-Party
Democracy in Tanzania
(Nairobi
1967).

65 Mazrui, op. cit., 255ff.

66
The Arusha Declaration and Tanu’s Policy on Socialism and Self-Reliance
(Dar es Salaam
1967); Marzui, op. cit., 48.

67 Naipaul, op. cit., 144ff.

68 Quoted ibid., 200–1.

69
Daily Nation
, Nairobi, 6 February 1968.

70 Ali Mazrui, ‘Mini-skirts and Political Puritanism’,
Africa Report
, October 1968.

71
Reporter
, Nairobi, 23 February 1968.

72 Naipaul, op. cit., 237–8.

73
The Times, 7
October 1965.

74 Marnham, op. cit., 199.

75 West, op. cit., 146.

76
Annual Register
(London), 1980.

77 Pierre Kalck,
Central African
Republic: a Failure of
Decolonization
(New York 1971).

78 Winston Churchill,
My African Journey
(London 1908).

79 George Ivan Smith,
Ghosts of Kampala
(London 1980), 34.

80 Ibid., 51ff.

81 West, op. cit., 24–5.

82 Quoted Smith, op. cit., 96.

83 Ibid., 101 for text of memorandum.

84 Henry Kyemba,
State of Blood
(London 1977).

85 Smith, op. cit., 111–12.

86 Ibid, 124–31.

87 Ibid., 166–7.

88 Daniel Patrick Moynihan,
A
Dangerous Place
(London 1978)
, 154–5.

89 Quoted Smith, op. cit., 181.

90 J.J.Jordensen,
Uganda: a Modern History
(London 1981); Wadada
Nabundere
,
Imperialism and Revolution in Uganda
(Tanzania
1981).

91 Victoria Brittain, ‘After Amin’,
London Review of Books
, 17 September 1981.

92
For instance
,
Daily Telegraph
,
5
September 1981.

93
Mazrui
,
Violence and Thought
, 37–9.

94
Colin Legum
et al., Africa in the
1980s
(New York 1979).

95 West, op. cit., 6–7.

96 For detailed figures see
New York
Times, 11 May 1980.

97 Marnham, op. cit., 165, 205.

98 Ibid., 168.

99 David Lomax, ‘The civil war in Chad’,
Listener
, 4 February 1982.

100 Genganne Chapin and Robert Wasserstrom, ‘Agricultural production and malarial resurgence in Central America and India’,
Nature
, 17 September 1981.

101
New York Times
, 11 May 1980.

102 Marnham, op. cit., 240.

103 Compiled from
Annual Register
(London 1980, 1981) and
New York Times
.

16 Experimenting with Half Humanity

1 Jack Chen,
Inside the Cultural Revolution
(London 1976), 219–20.

2 Hollander, op. cit., chapter 7, ‘The Pilgrimage to China’, 278ff.

3 Ibid., 326–30.

4 Talbot (ed.), op. cit., 249.

5 John Gittings,
The World and China, 1922–1975
(London 1974), 236.

6 Bill Brugger,
China: Liberation and Transformation 1942–1962
(New Jersey 1981), 212.

7 Ross Terrill,
Mao: a Biography
(New York 1980), 383.

8 Quoted in Han Suyin,
Wind in the Tower: Mao Tse-Tung and the Chinese Revolution 1949–1975
(London 1976), 291.

9 Talbot (ed.), op. cit., 249.

10 Schram, op. cit., 253–4.

11 Ibid., 295.

12 Ibid., 291.

13 Talbot (ed.), op. cit., 255.

14 Terrill, op. cit., 53.

15 Roger Garside,
Coming Alive: China After Mao
(London 1981), 45.

16 Ibid., 46–7.

17 Robert Jay Lifton, Revolutionary
Immortality
(London 1969), 72–3.

18 Garside, op. cit., 50.

19 Brugger, op. cit., 44–55.

20 Schram, op. cit., 267, footnote; see Jacques Guillermaz,
La Chine Populaire
(3rd ed., Paris 1964).

21 Robert Jay Lifton,
Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism: a Study of Brainwashing in China
(New York 1961), chapter 19.

22 Schram, op. cit., 271 footnote.

23 Ibid., 277.

24 Talbot (ed.), op. cit., 272.

25 Jerome A. Cohen, ‘The criminal process in the People’s Republic of China: an introduction’,
Harvard Law Review
, January 1966.

26 Editorials,
Peking Review
, 6, 13, 20 September 1963.

27 Quoted Schram, op. cit., 253.

28 Brugger, op. cit., 174ff.

29 Talbot (ed.), op.cit., 272–8.

30 Brugger, op. cit., 212.

31 K.Walker,
Planning in Chinese Agriculture: Socialization and the Private Sector 1956—62
(London 1965), 444–5.

32 Bill Brugger,
China: Radicalism and Revisionism 1962–1972
(New Jersey 1981), 36.

33 Ibid., 47.

34 Roxane Witke,
Comrade Chiang Ching
(London 1977), 162.

35 Ibid., 154; Chiang Ching confided at great length in Witke.

36 Colin Mackerras,
The Chinese Theatre in Modern Times
(Amherst, Mass., 1975).

37 Witke, op. cit., 383.

38 Ibid., 158–9.

39 Ibid., 309–10.

40 Ibid., 312–14.

41 Terrill, op. cit., 305 footnote.

42 Ibid., 304–9.

43 Witke, op. cit., 318.

44 For the long-term origins of the Cultural Revolution, see Roderick MacFarquhar,
The Origins of the Cultural Revolution, 1 Contradictions Among the People 1956–7
(London 1974).

45
China Quarterly
, 45.

46 Terrill,
Mao
, 315.

47 Witke, op. cit., 320, 356ff.

48 NaranarayanDas,
China’s Hundred Weeds: a Study of the Anti-Rightist Campaign in China 1957–1958
(Calcutta 1979); Garside, op. cit., 69.

49 Chen, op. cit., 388.

50 Ibid., 226.

51 Ibid., 211.

52 Garside, op. cit., 70, 91; Witke, op. cit., 379; Terrill, op. cit., 315; Chen, op. cit., 226ff.

53 Chen, op. cit., 221—4.

54 Anita Chan,
et al.
, ‘Students and class warfare: the social roots of the Red Guard conflict in Guangzhon (Canton)’,
China Quarterly
, 83, September 1980.

55 Chen, op. cit., 228–31.

56 See Simon Leys in
The Times Literary Supplement
, 6 March 1981, 259–60.

57 Witke, op. cit., 324–5.

58 Witke, op. cit., 328.

59 William Hinton,
Hundred Days War: the Cultural Revolution at Tsinghua University
(New York 1972), 101–4.

60 Terrill, op. cit., 319.

61 Witke, op. cit., 388–90.

62 Ibid., 435.

63 Ibid., 391–2, 402.

64 Parris Chang, ‘Shanghai and Chinese politics before and after the Cultural Revolution’ in Christopher Howe (ed.),
Shanghai
(Cambridge 1981).

65 Philip Bridgham, ‘Mao’s Cultural Revolution in 1967’ in Richard Baum and Louis Bennett (eds),
China in Ferment
(Yale 1971), 134–5; Thomas Robinson, ‘Chou En-lai and the Cultural Revolution in China’ in Baum and Bennett (eds),
The Cultural Revolution in China
(Berkeley 1971), 239–50.

66 Witke, op. cit., 349; Edward Rice,
Mao’s Way
(Berkeley 1972), 376–8.

67
Far Eastern Economic Review
, 2 October 1969; Terrill, op. cit., 321–8.

68 Terrill, op. cit., 328–30.

69 Chen, op. cit., 344ff.; Terrill, op. cit., 345ff.

70 Terrill, op. cit., 369; Witke, op. cit., 365.

71 Terrill, op. cit., 387–90; Witke, op. cit., 475–6.

72 Terrill, op. cit., 402 footnote.

73 Ibid., 381, 420.

74 Quoted in Ross Terrill,
The Future of China After Mao
(London 1978), 121.

75 Ibid., 115–17.

76 Witke, op. cit., 472ff.; Terrill,
China After Mao
, 121–3.

77
Daily Telegraph
, 9 January 1981, quoting
Zheng Ming
magazine.

78 Garside, op. cit., 67ff.

79 Ibid., 73ff.

80 Leys, op. cit.

81 Michael Oksenberg, ‘China Policy for the 1980s’,
Foreign Affairs
, 59 (Winter 1980–1), 304–22.

82
Guardian
, 5 February 1982.

83 M.D.Morris
et al.
, (eds),
Indian Economy in the Nineteenth Century
(Delhi 1969); W.J.Macpherson, ‘Economic Development in India under the British Crown 1858–1947’ in A.J.Youngson (ed.),
Economic Development in the Long Run
(London 1972), 126–91; Peter Robb, ‘British rule and Indian “Improvement”‘,
Economic History Review
, xxxiv (1981), 507–23.

84 J.Nehru,
The Discovery of India
(London 1946).