Neanderthal Man (47 page)

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Authors: Svante Pbo

Tags: #In Search of Lost Genomes

BOOK: Neanderthal Man
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Zoology,
49

50

 

 

 

{1}
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Nature
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{2}
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{3}
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{4}
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{5}
S. Pääbo, “Molecular cloning of ancient Egyptian mummy DNA,”
Nature
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{6}
S. Pääbo and A. C. Wilson, “Polymerase chain reaction reveals cloning artefacts,”
Nature
334, 387–388 (1988).

{7}
R. L. Cann, Mark Stoneking, and A. C. Wilson, “Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution,”
Nature
325, 31–36 (1987).

{8}
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{9}
J. M. Diamond, “Old dead rats are valuable,”
Nature
347, 334–335 (1990).

{10}
S. Pääbo, J. A. Gifford, and A. C. Wilson, “Mitochondrial-DNA sequences from a 7,000-year-old brain,”
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{11}
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{12}
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{13}
S. Pääbo, R. G. Higuchi, and A. C. Wilson, “Ancient DNA and the polymerase chain reaction,”
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{14}
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Nature
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{15}
S. Pääbo, R. G. Higuchi, and A. C. Wilson, “Ancient DNA and the polymerase chain reaction,”
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{16}
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{17}
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{18}
M. Höss and S. Pääbo, “DNA extraction from Pleistocene bones by a silica-based purification method,”
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{19}
M. Höss and S. Pääbo, “Mammoth DNA sequences,”
Nature
370, 333 (1994); Erika Hagelberg et al., “DNA from ancient mammoth bones,”
Nature
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{20}
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{21}
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{26}
H. N. Poinar et al.,

DNA from an extinct plant,

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{27}
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{29}
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{30}
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{31}
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Mylodon darwinii,

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
93, 181–185 (1996).

{32}
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Science
264, 1775–1778 (1994).

{33}
O. Handt et al., “The retrieval of ancient human DNA sequences,”
American Journal of Human Genetics
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{34}
In fact, even at this writing, several groups are using the PCR to study mtDNA from human archaeological remains without describing clearly how they distinguish contaminating DNA sequences from endogenous ones. Some of the sequences they determine are almost certainly correct, but others are almost equally certainly incorrect.

{35}
I. V. Ovchinnikov et al., “Molecular analysis of Neanderthal DNA from the northern Caucasus,”
Nature
404, 490–493 (2000).

{36}
M. Krings et al., “A view of Neandertal genetic diversity,”
Nature Genetics
26, 144–146 (2000).

{37}
H. Kaessmann et al., “DNA sequence variation in a non-coding region of low recombination on the human X chromosome,”
Nature Genetics
22, 78–81 (1999); H. Kaessmann, V. Wiebe, and S. Pääbo, “Extensive nuclear DNA sequence diversity among chimpanzees,”
Science
286, 1159–1162 (1999); H. Kaessmann et al., “Great ape DNA sequences reveal a reduced diversity and an expansion in humans,”
Nature Genetics
27, 155–156 (2001).

{38}
D. Serre et al., “No evidence of Neandertal mtDNA contribution to early modern humans,”
PLoS Biology
2, 313–217 (2004).

{39}
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PLoS Biology
2, 2264–2274 (2004).

{40}
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{41}
H. N. Poinar et al., “Molecular coproscopy: Dung and diet of the extinct ground sloth
Nothrotheriops shastensis,

Science
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{4
2}
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{43}
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Current Biology
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{44}
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Science
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{45}
M. Stiller et al., “Patterns of nucleotide misincorporations during enzymatic amplification and direct large-scale sequencing of ancient DNA,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
103, 13578–13584 (2006).

{46}
H. Poinar et al., “Metagenomics to paleogenomics: Large-scale sequencing of mammoth DNA,”
Science
311, 392–394 (2006).

{47}
See note 5 above.

{48}
J. P. Noonan et al., “Sequencing and analysis of Neandertal genomic DNA,”
Science
314, 1113–1118 (2006); R. E. Green et al., “Analysis of one million base pairs of Neanderthal DNA,”
Nature
444, 330–336 (2006).

{49}
After our
Nature
publication, we learned that it should more appropriately be called Vi-33.16, according to a more recent numbering system.

{50}
R. W. Schmitz et al., “The Neandertal type site revisited: Interdisciplinary investigations of skeletal remains from the Neander Valley, Germany,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
99, 13342–13347 (2002).

{51}
A. W. Briggs et al., “Patterns of damage in genomic DNA sequences from a Neandertal,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
104, 14616–14621 (2007).

{52}
T. Maricic and Svante Pääbo, “Optimization of 454 sequencing library preparation from small amounts of DNA permits sequence determination of both DNA strands,”
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46, 5157 (2009).

{53}
J. D. Wall and Sung K. Kim, “Inconsistencies in Neandertal genomic DNA sequences,”
PLoS Genetics
10:175 (2007).

{54}
A. W. Briggs et al., “Patterns of damage in genomic DNA sequences from a Neandertal,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
104, 14616–14621 (2007).

{55}
R. E. Green et al., “The Neandertal genome and ancient DNA authenticity,”
EMBO Journal
28, 2494–2503 (2009).

{56}
R. E. Green et al., “A complete Neandertal mitochondrial genome sequence determined by high-throughput sequencing,”
Cell
134, 416–426 (2008).

{57}
N. Patterson et al., “Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees,”
Nature
441, 1103–1108 (2006).

{58}
M. Tomasello,
Origins of Human Communication
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).

{59}
R. E. Green et al., “A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome,”
Science
328, 710–722 (2010).

{60}
My translation.

{61}
L. Abi-Rached et al., “The shaping of modern human immune systems by multiregional admixture with archaic humans,”
Science
334, 89–94 (2011).

{62}
J. Krause et al., “Neanderthals in central Asia and Siberia,”
Nature
449, 902–904 (2007).

{63}
J. Krause et al., “The complete mtDNA of an unknown hominin from Southern Siberia,”
Nature
464, 894–897 (2010).

{64}
D. Reich et al., “Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia,”
Nature
468, 1053–1060 (2010).

{65}
S. Sankararaman et al., “The date of interbreeding between Neandertals and modern humans,”
PLoS Genetics
8:1002947 (2012).

{66}
M. Meyer, “A high coverage genome sequence from an archaic Denisovan individual,”
Science
338, 222–226 (2012).

{67}
W. Enard, et al., “Molecular evolution of
FOXP2,
a gene involved in speech and language,”
Nature
418, 869–872 (2002).

{68}
W. Enard et al. “A humanized version of
Foxp2
affects cortico-basal ganglia circuits in mice,”
Cell
137, 961–971 (2009).

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