Ominous Parallels (45 page)

14
Ibid.,
pp. 5, 133, 358.

15
Ibid.,
p. 172.
Germany Puts the Clock Back
(New York, Morrow, 1933), p. 155.

16
Gardner’s Art Through the Ages,
rev. by H. de la Croix and R.G. Tansey (6th ed., 2 vols., New York, Harcourt Brace, 1975), II, 736. The statement about art is quoted in Laqueur,
Weimar: A Cultural History,
p. 119.

17
William Barrett,
Irrational Man
(Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, 1958), p. 40.

18
Stolper,
op. cit.,
p. 85.

19
Laqueur,
Weimar: A Cultural History,
p. 68; referring to Gottfried Benn.

20
Otto Friedrich,
Before the Deluge
(New York, Harper & Row, 1972), p. 124.

21
Pinson,
op. cit.,
p. 447; quoting a statement made on June 29, 1927.

22
Friedrich,
op. cit.,
pp. 128-129; quoting Zweig,
The World of Yesterday
(Lincoln, Neb., 1943).
Ibid.,
p. 126; quoting Grosz,
A Little Yes and a Big No
(New York, 1946).

23
Halperin,
op cit.,
p. 267.

24
Quoted in Shirer,
op. cit.,
p. 62.

Chapter Nine

1
Der Nationalsozialismus: Dokumente 1933-1945,
ed. W. Hofer (Frankfurt a.M., Fischer Bücherei, 1957); Die 25
Punkte des Programms der NSDAP.
Unless otherwise identified, translations of the Points are from
Problems in Western Civilization,
ed. L.F. Schaefer
et al.
(2 vols., New York, Scribner’s, 1968), II, 422-25.

2
Excerpt from Point 11 (trans. G. Reisman).
Händler und Helden
is the title of a book by Werner Sombart.

3
The last quote is from
Mein Kampf,
p. 34.

4
Cf
. the following from Walter Laqueur: “[T]he sums paid to Hitler prior to 1933 were not only modest in absolute terms, they were small in comparison with what was given to other parties. German industrialists did not ‘make’ Hitler, they joined him only after his party had become a leading political force, and it is possible that Hitler would have come to power even if the Nazis had not received a single
pfennig
from the bankers and industrialists.” “Fascism—The Second Coming,”
Commentary,
Vol. 61, No. 2, Feb. 1976, p. 58.

5
Stolper, op.
cit.,
p. 47.

6
Alan Bullock,
Hitler: A Study in Tyranny
(rev. ed., New York, Harper & Row, 1964), p. 174. Shirer,
op. cit.,
p. 145.

7
Quoted in
ibid.,
p. 159.

8
Stolper,
op. cit.,
p. 128.

9
The Voice of Destruction,
p. 186.

10
Waite,
op. cit.,
p. 268; quoting Friedrich Glombowski.

Chapter Ten

1
Laqueur,
Weimar: A Cultural History,
Preface, p. ix. Myers, “The Modern Artist in Germany,”
The American-German Review,
Vol. XVI, No. 4, April 1940, pp. 16, 34. Gay,
op. cit.,
Preface, p. xiii.

2
Ibid.,
p. 123. Pinson, op.
cit.,
p. 458.

3
The Magic Mountain,
trans. H.T. Lowe-Porter (New York, Random House, 1969), pp. 55-56, 349, 348.

4
Ibid.,
pp. 372, 85, 62, 246, 62, 61-62, 249, 100, 712.

5
Ibid.,
p. 496. (The second quotation—“Man is master....” —is taken from Gay,
op. cit.,
pp. 126-27.)

6
Ibid.,
pp. 603, 496, 594, 583.

7
Weimar: A Cultural History,
p. 123.

8
Op. cit.,
p. 17.

9
Gay,
op. cit.,
p. 53.
Ibid.,
p. 54; quoting Zweig, “Abschied von Rilke.”

10
The Word and the World
(New York, Scribner’s, 1931), p. 126.

11
“The Cry Was, ‘Down With
Das System,’ ” The New York Times Magazine,
Aug. 16, 1970, p. 13.

12
Freud, “One of the Difficulties of Psycho-Analysis,” (1917), trans. J. Riviere, in
On Creativity and the Unconscious,
ed. B. Nelson (New York, Harper & Row, 1958), p. 7.

13
Ibid.,
pp. 4, 6, 9.

14
Pinson,
op. cit.,
p. 456.

15
Editorial Topic, Jan. 22, 1978.

16
Edna Heidbreder,
Seven Psychologies
(New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1933), p. 393.

17
Quoted in Robsjohn-Gibbings,
op. cit.,
pp. 179, 104.

18
The New Left: The Anti-Industrial Revolution
(rev. ed., New York, New American Library, 1975), “The Age of Envy,” p. 153.

19
V.J. McGill, “Notes on Philosophy in Nazi Germany,”
Science and Society: A Marxian Quarterly,
Vol. IV, No. 1, Winter 1940, p. 27.

Chapter Eleven

1
Quoted in Pinson,
op. cit.,
p. 452.

2
Franz Neumann,
Behemoth
(New York, Harper & Row, 1966), p. 31; quoting Fritz Tarnow (head of the Wood-worker’s Union), “Kapitalistische Wirtschaftsanarchie und Arbeiterklasse,” in
Sozialdemokratischer Parteitag in Leipzig
(Berlin, 1931).

3
Op. cit.,
pp. 123-24.

4
Ibid.

5
Laqueur,
Young Germany,
p. 191.

6
Gay, op. cit., p. 143; quoting Ernst von Aster, “Metaphysik des Nationalismus” (1932).

7
Cf.
Mosse,
Nazi Culture,
p. 346.

8
Eliot Barculo Wheaton,
Prelude to Calamity
(Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, 1968), p. 412. Gay,
op. cit.,
p. 140.

9
Eyck,
op. cit.,
II, 211, 219. Hugenberg quoted in
ibid.,
II, 476. Mowrer,
op. cit.,
p. 203; quoting Pastor Mattiat of Kerstlingerode on the Prussian election of 1932, in the organ of the
Evangelische Bund.

10
The Voice of Destruction,
p. 131.

11
Quoted in Rudolf Morsey, “The Center Party between the Fronts,” in
The Path to Dictatorship: 1918-1933,
intro. Fritz Stern, trans. J. Conway (Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, 1966), pp. 74, 76, 73.

12
The Social Democrats did bring suit in the Supreme Court to protest the rape of Prussia, but the Court evaded the legal issues involved and essentially upheld the coup. Workers’ signs mentioned in Eyck,
op. cit.,
II, 118.

13
Quoted in Halperin,
op. cit.,
p. 495.

14
Shirer,
op. cit.,
p. 179.

15
The Voice of Destruction,
p. 75; quoting Puzzi Hanfstängel.

16
Susanne C. Engelmann,
German Education and Re-Education
(New York, International Universities Press, 1945), pp. 73-74.

17
George Murray, “ ‘New’ radicals a 1930 rerun.”
Chicago Today,
May 14, 1969.

18
Laqueur,
Weimar: A Cultural History,
p. 116; quoting a 1922 statement about “tragic youth.”

19
Shirer,
op. cit.,
p. 165.

20
Halperin,
op. cit.,
p. 445.

Chapter Twelve

1
Quoted in Shirer,
op. cit.,
p. 194. The pretext for this decree was the Reichstag fire.

2
Davidson,
op. cit.,
p. 288.

3
Von Mises,
op. cit.,
p. 56. Von Mises describes the Nazi method of expropriating profits: “As all private consumption is strictly limited and controlled by the government, and as all unconsumed income must be invested, which means virtually lent to the government, high profits are nothing but a subtle method of taxation. The consumer has to pay high prices and business is nominally profitable. But the greater the profits are, the more the government funds are swelled. The government gets the money....” (p. 226) Brady,
op. cit.,
p. 292; quoting Hjalmar Schacht at the opening of the National Labor and Economic Council in Nuremberg.

4
The Voice of Destruction,
pp. 191-93.

5
Wheaton, op.
cit.,
p. 359; quoting Bishop Johannes Sproll of Rottenburg speaking to a gathering of Catholic clergy (Jan. 21, 1934). Ibid., p. 319; the first part of this quotation is Wheaton’s summary of the Pastoral’s text. Two weeks after Hitler dissolved the Catholic Center party, the Vatican, in a move extremely important for the new German government’s prestige, signed a concordat with the Nazis.

6
Op. cit.,
p. 497.

7
Ibid.,
p. 501; quoting a statement to American businessman S.R. Fuller (Sept. 23, 1935).

8
Quoted in Wheaton,
op. cit.,
p. 308.

9
The Origins of Totalitarianism,
p. 315.

Chapter Thirteen

1
The Informed Heart
(New York, Free Press, 1960), pp. 124-25.

2
Terrence Des Pres,
The Survivor
(New York, Pocket Books, 1977), pp. 223-24; quoting Alexander Donat,
The Holocaust Kingdom
(New York, 1965).

3
Quoted in Arendt,
The Origins of Totalitarianism,
p. 410, n. 62.

4
Ibid.,
p. 424.

5
Primo Levi,
Survival in Auschwitz
(New York, Collier, 1961), p. 25.

6
Bettelheim,
op. cit.,
p. 214.

7
Ibid.,
p. 150.

8
Origins,
pp. 436-38, 455.

9
Bettelheim,
op. cit.,
pp. 110, 109. Des Pres,
op. cit.,
p. 191.

10
Origins,
p. 454.

11
Ibid.,
pp. 447-48, 451.

12
Rudolf Hoess,
Commandant of Auschwitz.
trans. C. FitzGibbon (New York, World, 1959), p. 80.

13
Arendt,
Origins,
p. 451, n. 151; quoting Himmler, “On Organizaton and Obligation of the SS and the Police” (1937).

14
Ibid.,
p. 451. Bettelheim’s observation (from “On Dachau and Buchenwald”) is quoted in
ibid,
n. 151.

15
Op. cit.,
p. 139.

16
Ibid.,
pp. 210, 122.

17
Des Pres,
op. cit.,
p. 69; quoting Pelagia Lewinska, Twenty Months
at
Auschwitz, trans. A. Teichner (New York, 1968).

18
Levi,
op. cit.,
pp. 35-36.

19
Origins,
pp. 451-53.

20
Bettelheim,
op. cit.,
pp. 153-54.

21
Ibid.,
pp. 154-55.

22
Ibid.,
p. 238.

23
Origins,
pp. 443, 445. Eugen Kogon,
The Theory and Practice of Hell,
trans. H. Norden (New York, Berkley, 1958), p. 148.
Ibid.,
p. 191; quoting Hans Baermann, survivor of the Kaiserwald camp near Riga.
Ibid.,
p. 183; quoting Oskar Berger, survivor of Treblinka. Des Pres,
op. cit.,
p. 94; quoting Elie Wiesel,
Night,
trans. S. Rod-way (New York, 1969). Private communication, 1968, from survivor of Auschwitz and Wüstegirsdorf; anonymity requested. Des Pres,
op.
cit., p. 82; quoting Olga Lengyel,
Five Chimneys,
trans. P.P. Weiss (Chicago, 1947). Bettelheim,
op. cit.,
p. 127.