Read On Hallowed Ground Online
Authors: Robert M Poole
On Hallowed Ground (50 page)
35
. Lt. Donald R. Neil, “Nature Honors The Unknown Soldier,”
Quartermaster Review,
Jan.–Feb. 1932; “Tomb of the Unknowns Monument, Repair or Replacement Project,” June 1, 2006, Arlington National Cemetery.
36
. Ibid.
37
. Ibid.
38
. “Arlington Memorial Bridge,” George Washington Memorial Parkway, National Park Service, July 8, 1998,
www.nps.gov/archive/gwmp/memorial_bridge.htm.
39
. T. H. Watkins,
The Hungry Years
(New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1999), 131–141; Paul Dickson and Thomas B. Allen,
The Bonus Army: An American Epic
(New York: Walker & Company, 2004), 105–83; William Manchester,
American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur
(Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1978),145–56.
40
. Dickson and Allen, 123–24.
41
. Manchester, 150.
42
. Dickson and Allen, 168–174.
43
. Dickson and Allen, 171.
44
. Dickson and Allen, 173.
45
. MacArthur’s action in the BEF incident, in which he overstepped President Hoover’s orders, predicted his behavior in the
Korean conflict. President Harry S. Truman removed him for exceeding his authority there.
46
. Dickson and Allen, 173–81.
47
. A grand jury investigation cleared police officers in the deaths of Hushka and Carl-son, who were said to have provoked
the shots that killed them.
48
. Dickson and Allen, 168–70, 192.
49
. Manchester, 152.
50
. Dickson and Allen, 184.
51
. Dickson and Allen, 193.
52
. “Riot Report,”
Time
, Sept. 19, 1932.
53
. Dickson and Allen, 201.
54
. Harris B. Hull, “Formal Dedication of Soldier Tomb Is Planned On Friday,” The
Washington Post
, Nov. 6, 1932.
55
. James Cullinane, “Reverent Vets Walk Out As Hurley Speaks,” The Washington
Herald
, Nov. 12, 1932.
56
. Ibid.
57
. Ibid.
58
. “Vets Propose Walkout on Hurley Talk,” The
Washington Herald,
Nov. 10, 1932.
59
. “Reverent Vets.”
60
. Ibid.
61
. Dickson and Allen, 252–61.
10: “WE ARE ALL IN IT—ALL THE WAY”
1
. “The War Department and the Pentagon,”
http://.html.
2
. “Arlington Goes Green,”
http://www.arlingtonva.us/Departments/Libraries/history/LibrariesHistoryBackPages0032007.aspx.
3
. Steve Vogel,
The Pentagon
:
A History
(New York: Random House, 2007), 31.
4
. Ibid.
5
. Ibid., 32.
6
. Ibid., 39.
7
. Ibid., 33.
8
. Ibid., 71.
9
. Ibid., 48.
10
. Congressional Record,
July 28, 1941, 6363-75.
11
. Ibid.
12
. Vogel, 49.
13
. Jennifer Hanna,
Arlington House: The Robert E. Lee Memorial, Cultural Landscape Report
(Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 2001), 153–154.
14
. Ibid.
15
. Vogel, 80.
16
. Ibid., 65.
17
. Ibid., 80.
18
. Jean Edward Smith, FDR (New York: Random House, 2007), 498–502.
19
. Vogel, 74.
20
. Ibid., 80.
21
. Ibid., 85.
22
. Ibid., 82–83.
23
. Ibid., 89–90.
24
. Ibid., 93–97.
25
. Ibid.
26
. Ibid., 101–103
27
. Ibid.
28
. Ibid.
29
. Ibid., 295–96.
30
. Ibid.,127–28.
31
. Ibid., 138–39.
32
. Smith, 540–41.
33
. Smith, 467; Douglas Brinkley and Michael E. Haskew, eds.,
The World War II Desk Reference,
(Edison, NJ: Castle Books, 2004), 383.
34
. Churchill scrupulously credited the boiler quote to Lord Edward Gray, Britain’s foreign minister during World War I.
35
. John Keegan,
The Second World War
(New York: Penguin Books, 2005), 11.
36
. Brinkley and Haskew, 188.
37
. Watertender First Class Elmer Charles Bigelow, Medal of Honor citation, from the website of the Medal of Honor Society,
http://www.cmohs.org/recipient/2641/bigelow-elmer-charles.php.
38
. Marine Cpl. Anthony Peter Damato, Medal of Honor citation,
http://www.cmohs.org/recipient-detail/2702/damato-anthony-peter.php.
39
. Army Tech Sgt. Forrest L. Vosler, Medal of Honor citation from the website of the U.S. Air Force National Museum,
http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheet_print.asp?fsID&equals$1440.
Vosler survived the war and worked for the Veterans Administration until his retirement. He died in 1992 and is buried at
Arlington.
40
. C. L. Sulzberger,“The Doughboys’ Grim Road to Rome,” The
New York Times
, Feb. 20, 1944.
41
. Army Pfc. Alton W. Knappenberger, Medal of Honor citation,
http://www.lcmohs.org/recipient-detail2831/krappengerger-alton-w.php.
David Venditta, “Farm boy won WWII fame, sought a return to obscurity,”
Allentown Morning Call
, May 31, 2004; Adam Bernstein, “Alton Knappenberger, 84, Won Medal of Honor,” The
Washington Post,
June 28, 2008; Rick Atkinson,
The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944
(New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2007), 359–97.
42
. Ibid.
43
. Ibid.
44
. Ibid.
45
. Ibid.
46
. Ibid.
47
. Brinkley and Haskew, 432–34.
48
. Keegan, 591.
49
. Allan Kozinn, “Paderewski to Go Home, 51 Years After His Death,” The
New York Times
, June 25, 1992; “Background of Ignace Jan Paderewski at Arlington National Cemetery,”
http://www.arlingtoncemetery.org/hisorical_information/jan_paderewski.html;
Wanda Wilk, “Polish Composers: Ignace Jan Paderewski,”
http://www.usc.edu/dept/polish_music/composer/padrewski/html.
50
. More than sixty foreign nationals are buried at Arlington, many of them from the Second World War. The best known is Field
Marshal Sir John Dill, wartime chief of the British Military Mission in Washington. Less prominent are the prisoners of war who died before they could return home: Anton Hilberath of Germany; Mario Batista
of Italy, and Arcangelo Prudenza of Italy. Each year on All Souls’ Day, officials from the Italian embassy visit Arlington
to leave flowers at the graves of their countrymen. “62 Foreign Nationals Interred at Arlington National Cemetery,”
http://www.arlingtoncemetery.org/historical_information/foreign_nationals.html.
51
. Keegan, 595.
52
. World War II is also the last war to be officially declared by Congress, which helped galvanize the nation for the conflict.
53
. Steven E. Anders, “With All Due Honors,”
Quartermaster Professional Bulletin
, Autumn/Winter 1994.
54
. Ibid.
55
.
Arlington National Cemetery
(Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, Office of the Chief of Support Services, n.d., 17.
56
. Anders. There were more deaths in the Civil War than in World War II, but the reinterment program from the Second World
War was far broader in scope, ranging from the Aleutian Islands, across the Himalayas, to the shores of the Mediterranean
and up through Europe. Some 280,000 Americans were recovered and reinterred during the six-year campaign.
57
. “Graves Registration,”
Quartermaster Review,
May/June 1946.
58
. Anders.
59
. Robert M. Poole, “Lost Over Laos,”
Smithsonian,
August 2006.
60
. Murphy’s standard-issue tombstone was too small to list all of his 28 decorations, foreign and domestic.
61
. Gen. George S. Patton Jr., speech to his troops before D-Day, in Douglas Brinkley, ed.,
World War II: The Allied Counteroffensive, 1942–1945
(New York: Times Books, 2003) 168–70.
62
. Ibid., 171.
63
. “Executive Order 9981,”
http://www
.trumanlibrary .org/9981a.html.
64
. It took until 1953 for Truman’s order to take effect. But the military led the way for the rest of society. By banning
discrimination through executive order instead of legislation, Truman shrewdly short-circuited the political process in Congress,
where southerners stalled or defeated most civil rights measures.
65
. Donald Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), 302–9.
66
. Ibid. Like other statements attributed to Pershing, this one may be mythical, but the sentiment is genuine.
67
. Ibid.; B. C. Mossman and M. Warner Stark,
The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funerals 1921–1969
(Washington, D.C: Center of Military History, 1971), 28–44.
68
. Smythe, 302–9.
69
. Mossman and Stark, 28–44.
70
. Ibid.
11: THE NASTIEST LITTLE WAR
1
. B. C. Mossman and M. Warner Stark,
The Last Salute
( Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 1971), 93; “Tomb of the Unknown Soldiers,”
Quartermaster Review,
Jan.–Feb. 1964, 1.
2
. John Keegan,
The Second World War
(New York: Penguin Books, 2005), 594.
3
. David Halberstam,
The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War
(New York: Hyper-ion, 2007), 1.
4
. Ibid., 1–2.
5
. Bradley Lynn Coleman,“Recovering the Korean War Dead, 1950–1958: Graves Registration, Forensic Anthropology, and Wartime
Memorialization,” 38, John A. Adams ’71 Center for Military History and Strategic Analysis, Virginia Military Institute.
6
. Halberstam, 4.
7
. Halberstam, 2.
8
. Lt. Col. John C. Cook, “Graves Registration in the Korean Conflict,”
Quartermaster Review,
March-April 1953, 1–11; Coleman, 1–10.
9
. Coleman, 8–9.
10
. Ibid., 6.
11
. Halberstam, 486–87.
12
. Ibid.
13
. “Walker Is Buried In Arlington Rites,” The
New York Times
, Jan. 3, 1951; “Gen. Walker’s Body Reaches Washington,” The
New York Times
, Dec. 31, 1951; “Rites For Gen. Walker Tuesday,” The
New York Times
, Dec. 29, 1950; “Hero’s Rites For Walker: General’s Body at Arlington—To Be Buried Near Pershing,” The
New York Times
, Jan. 1, 1951; “4 Stars Voted Walker,” The
New York Times
, Jan. 2, 1951.
14
. “A Final Salute For Commander Of Forces in Korea,” The
New York Times
, Jan. 3, 1951.
15
. Shirley Young to President Truman, Jan. 5, 1951, Office File 471-B, Box 1351, HST Papers, HSTL.
16
. Norma Potter to President Truman, June 26, 1951, Office File 471-B, Box 1351, HST Papers, HSTL.
17
. Deara Eartbawey to President Truman, Jan. 31, 1952, Office File 471-B, Box 1351, HST Papers, HSTL.
18
. Coleman, 11.
19
. Ibid., 22.
20
. Ibid.
21
. Madelaine C. Smith, telegram to Sen. Ernest W. McFarland for President Truman, May (n.d.) 1951, Office File 471-B, Box
1305, HST Papers, HSTL.
22
. Congressional Medal of Honor Society,
http://www.cmohs.org/recipient.
The Medal of Honor was awarded to 133 men from the
Korean conflict, with 95 of the medals given posthumously. No other conflict approached it in proportion for posthumous awards,
74 percent. In the Second World War, 464 Medals of Honor were awarded, 266 of them posthumously.
23
. Col. John D. Martz Jr., “Homeward Bound,”
Quartermaster Review,
May-June 1954, 3.
24
. During the past decade, North Korea allowed specialty teams from the United States to recover a few missing American servicemen
from their country under carefully controlled conditions. The unsettled relations between the United States and North Korea
has sharply limited such recovery missions.
25
. Coleman, 39–40; Martz, 4–5.
26
. Mossman and Stark, 93.
27
. “Tomb of the Unknown Soldiers,”
Quartermaster Review
, Jan.-Feb. 1964, 1–17.
28
. Ibid.
29
. The Navy had long buried its dead at sea, but this was the first time a candidate for Unknown honors had been committed
to the deep. This form of burial not only gave the Navy an important role in the ceremonies of 1958 but also ensured the serviceman’s
anonymity.
30
. “Tomb of the Unknown Soldiers,”
Quartermaster Review,
Jan.-Feb. 1964, 1–17; Jack Raymond, “Unknown Soldier of World War II Is Selected at Sea,” The
New York Times
, May 27, 1958; Mossman and Stark, 98–99.
31
. Jack Raymond, “Unknowns of World War II And Korea Are Enshrined,”
The New York Times
, May 31, 1958; Mossman and Stark, 105–24.
32
. Ibid.
33
. Ibid.