Ordinary Men (32 page)

2.
The only other major study of an individual killing unit is Hans-Heinrich Wilhelm, “Die Einsatzgruppe A der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD 1941-42: Eine exemplarische Studie,” part 2 of
Die Truppe des Weltanschauungskrieges: Die Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD 1938-1942
, by Helmut Krausnick and Hans-Heinrich Wilhelm (Stuttgart, 1981). Wilhelm’s study is based on much more plentiful contemporary documentation than exists for Reserve Police Battalion 101. However, Wilhelm did not have available a roster of this unit. His study of personnel is thus limited to the officers.

3.
Marc Bloch,
The Historians Craft
(New York, 1964), 143.

4.
Raul Hilberg, “The Bureaucracy of Annihilation,” in
Unanswered Questions: Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews
, ed. Françis Furet (New York, 1989), 124-26.

1.
Adolf B., HW 440.

2.
Erwin G., HW 2502-3; Johannes R., HW 1808; Karl F., HW 1868.

3.
On Trapp’s behavior during the speech: Georg A., HW 421; Alfred L., HW 1351; Bruno P., HW 1915; Walter N., HW 3927; Heinz B., HW 4415; August Z., G 275. On the contents of the speech: Georg A., HW 421; Adolf B., HW 439; Martin D., HW 1596; Walter N., HW 1685; Bruno D., HW 1874; Otto-Julius S., HW 1952; Bruno G., HW 2019; August W., HW 2039-40; Wilhelm Gb., HW 2146; Franz K., HW 2482; Anton B., HW 2655, 4346; Ernst Hn., G 505. For the extraordinary offer; Otto-Julius S., HW 1953, 4577; August W., HW 2041-42, 3298, 4589.

1.
The only institutional history of the Order Police is
Zur
Geschichte der Ordnungspolizei 1936-1945
(Koblenz, 1957): part 1, Hans-Joachim Neufeldt, “Entstehung und Organisation des Hauptamtes Ordnungspolizei,” and part 2, Georg Tessin, “Die Stäbe und Truppeneinheiten der Ordnungspolizei.”
Heiner Lichtenstein’s
Himmlers grüne Heifer: Die Schutzpolizei und Ordnungspolizei in “Dritten Reich”
(Köln, 1990) appeared too late to be consulted.

2.
Tessin, 7-8.

3.
Tessin, 13-15, 24, 27, 49.

4.
Tessin, 32-34.

5.
Tessin, 15, 34.

6.
NO-2861 (Daluege’s annual report for 1942, presented to high-ranking Order Police officers in January 1943). Slightly different figures are given in
Das Diensttagebuch des deutschen Generalgouverneurs in Polen 1939-1945
, ed. Werner Präg and Wolfgang Jacobmeyer (Stuttgart, 1975), 574. On November 21, 1942, the commander of the Order Police in the General Government reported a force of 12,000 German police, 12,000 Polish police, and 1,500 to 1,800 Ukrainian police (presumably in Galicia). The commander of the Security Police reported a force of 2,000 Germans and 3,000 Polish employees.

1.
Krausnick and Wilhelm, 146; Tessin, 96.

2.
IMT
38:86-94 (221-L: Hitler conference of July 16, 1941, with Goring, Lammers, Rosenberg, and Keitel).

3.
Yehoshua Büchler, “Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS: Himmler’s Personal Murder Brigades in 1941,”
Holocaust and Genocide Studies
1, no. 1 (1986):13-17.

4.
For example, the direct subordination of Police Battalion 322 to HSSPF von dem Bach-Zelewski “for the imminent tasks of the battalion” took place on July 23, 1941. YVA, 0-53/127/53 (war diary of PB 322, entry of July 23, 1941; hereafter war diary).

5.
NOKW-1076 (
Kommissarbefehl
, June 6, 1941).

6.
Gerichtsbarkeiterlass Barbarossa
, signed by Keitel, May 13, 1941, in Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, “Kommissarbefehl und Massenexekutionen sowjetischer Kriegsgefangener,”
Anatomie des SS-States
(Freiburg, 1965), 2:216-18 (doc. 8).

7.
YVA, TR-10/823 (Landgericht Wuppertal, judgment 12 Ks l/67):29-30.

8.
YVA, TR-10/823 (Landgericht Wuppertal, judgment 12 Ks l/67):40-65.

9.
War diary, 15, entry of June 10, 1941.

10.
War diary, 28, entry of July 2, 1941.

11.
War diary, 35-41, entries of July 5, 7, and 8, 1941.

12. War diary, 40-42, entries of July 8 and 9, 1941.

13.
YVA, 0-53/128/219 (confidential order of Colonel Montua, July 11, 1941).

14.
For Police Battalion 322, see
JNSV
19, no. 555 (Landgericht Freiburg, judgment 1 AK 1/63):437-8. For Police Battalion 316, see YVA, TR-10/721 (Landgericht Bochum, judgment 15 Ks 1/66): 142-77.

15.
War diary, 53, entry of July 23, 1941.

16.
War diary, 64, entry of August 2, 1941.

17.
YVA, 0-53/128/80 (Riebel, 3d Company, to PB 322, August 10, 1941).

18.
YVA, 0-53/128/81 (Riebel, 3d Company, to PB 322, August 15, 1941).

19.
War diary, 79, entry of August 29, 1941.

20.
War diary, 82, entry of August 30, 1941.

21.
War diary, 83-85, entries of August 31 and September 1, 1941.

22.
YVA, 0-53/128/87 (Riebel, 9th Company, to 3rd Pol. Batl. Reg. “Mitte,” September 1, 1941).

23.
War diary, 116, 118, entries of October 2 and 3, 1941. Riebel’s report in fact claims 555 for his Ninth Company. YVA, 0-53/86/150 (Riebel, “Report on the Jewish action of October 2-3, 1941,” to 3d Pol. Batl. Reg. “Mitte”).

24.
YVA, 0-53/128/242-75, 0-53/86714-62 (incomplete collection of daily reports of HSSPF South, Friedrich Jeckeln, to RF-SS Himmler, August 19-October 5, 1941).

25.
ZStL, II 204 AR-Z 1251-65 (Landgericht Regensburg, judgment Ks 6/70):9-35; and 204 AR-Z 1251/65, 2:370-77 (report of Bavarian State Criminal Office, Munich, September 10, 1968).

26.
ZStL, 204 AR-Z 1251/65, 1:53-54, 58-60, 94-96 (interrogations of Johann L., Franz P., and Karl G.); 3:591-95 (notes from Balek diary).

27.
For a highly flawed legal judgment containing useful background on the activities of Police Battalion 11, see
JNSV
18, no. 546a (Landgericht Kassel, judgment 3a Ks l/61):786-835.

28.
IMT
27:4-8 (1104-PS: Gebietskommissar Carl in Slutsk to Generalkommissar Kube in Minsk, October 30, 1941).

29.
JNSV
18, no. 546a (Landgericht Kassel, judgment 3a Ks l/61):786-87, 835.

30.
The only document I have found on Order Police participation in the execution of Russian Jews in 1942 is an Order Police company report on the role of two battalions in the final liquidation of 15,000 Jews in the Pinsk ghetto between October 29 and November 1 (YVA, 0-53/129/257-58, USSR 199A). The German judicial investigation stemming from this document uncovered a wider pattern of executions. Police Battalion 306, along with one company each from Police Battalions 310 and 320 and a squadron of
mounted policemen, was involved in Pinsk. Throughout September 1942, units of Police Battalions 69 and 306, as well as the mounted police squadron, had also participated in liquidating the ghettos in Lachwa (200-500), Luninets (1,000-1,500), Stolin (5,000), Janow (2,000), and Drohotschin (1,500). See Staatsanwaltschaft Frankfurt, 4 Js 90/62, indictment of Kuhr, Petsch, et al., 66-107.

31.
NO-2861 (Daluege report for Order Police activities in 1942).

32.
NO-600 (Grawitz to Himmler, March 4, 1942).

1.
For the most recent analysis of the deportations from Germany, see Henry Friedlander, “The Deportations of the German Jews: Post-War Trials of Nazi Criminals,”
Leo Baech Institute Yearbook
(1984): 201-26.

2.
IMT
22:534-36 (3921-PS: Daluege to inspectors of the Order Police, October 27, 1941); YVA, 0-51/63/4, 6 (Butenop, KdSchupo Wien, October 24, 1941, to local Orpo units; Bomhard memorandum on the evacuation of the Jews, October 4, 1941).

3.
This figure does not include smaller transports of less than 100 Jews at a time, of which there were many. A comprehensive list of the deportation trains from the Reich has not yet been compiled.

4.
YVA, TR-10/835 (Staatsanwaltschaft Düsseldorf, 8 Js 430/67, indictment of Ganzenmüller): 177-78. For the takeover of transports from Bulgaria to Treblinka by the Order Police in Vienna, see YVA, 0-51/63/109 (note by Butenop, KdSchupo, March 26, 1943). This file contains the correspondence of the Order Police in Vienna concerning the guarding of Jewish transports to various places in Poland, Minsk (Maly-Trostinez), and Theresienstadt from the spring of 1942 to the summer of 1943.

5.
Gertrude Schneider,
Journey into Terror: Story of the Riga Ghetto
(New York, 1979), 195-211; Krausnick and Wilhelm, 591-95.

6.
YVA, 0-51/63/42-43 (Fischmann report, June 20, 1942).

7.
This document has been published in German in Adalbert Rückerl,
NS-Vernichtungslager im Spiegel deutscher Strafprozesse
(Munich, 1977), 56-60. A copy of the report, from Soviet archives, is found in ZStL, USSR Ord. No. 116, Bild 508-10.

1.
ZStL, 3 AR-Z 52/61, in HW 1-6; Kurt A., HW 11; Ernst Hr., HW 2712.

2.
BA, R 20/51/3-7 (activity report of Reserve Police Battalion 101, May 5, 1940-Apri 1 7, 1941).

3.
Bruno P., HW 1912-13.

4.
Alfred H., HW 43-44; Georg L., HW 1425; Heinrich S., HW 1561; Walter Z., HW 2683; Ernst Hr., HW 2712; Ernst R., G 607.

5.
Paul H., HW 1647.

6.
BA, R 20/51/3-7 (battalion activity report).

7.
Bruno G., HW 2017.

8.
YVA, TR-10/462 (Landgericht Dortmund, judgment 10 Ks l/53):3-4.

9.
Bruno P., HW 1913-14.

10.
Hans K., HW 2246; Ernst Hr., HW 2713.

11.
Anton B., HW 2684; Wolfgang Hoffmann, HW 4319.

12.
YVA, 0-53/141/4378-86 (lager report of EK 3, Kovno, December 1, 1941); Schneider, 23-30.

13.
See YVA, BD 23/4 (International Tracing Service Lists), and
Dokumenty i Materiały Do Dziejów Okupacji W Polsce
, vol. 3,
Ghetto Łódzkie
(Warsaw, 1946): 203-5 (
Erfahrungsbericht
, November 13, 1941), for the Łódź transports;
JSNV
19, no. 552 (Landgericht Koblenz, judgment 9 Ks 2/61): 190, for the transports to Minsk; and Schneider, 155, for the transport to Riga.

14.
Heinrich Ht, HW 1173; Wilhelm J., HW 1320; Hans K., HW 2246; Franz K., HW 2475; Anton B., HW 2689.

15.
Otto G., HW 955.

16.
For Łódź, Arthur K., HW 1180; for Minsk, Bruno P., HW 1930-32; for Riga, Hans K., HW 2246, and Max F., HW 1529.

17.
Hans K., HW 2246.

18.
Bruno P., HW 1930-31.

19.
Salitter report, December 26, 1941, cited in Krausnick and Wilhelm, 594.

20.
Staatsanwaltschaft Hamburg, 141 Js 1957/62 (indictment of Hoffman and Wohlauf):206 (hereafter Hoffman/Wohlauf indictment).

21.
Ernst G., HW 1835.

22.
BDC, Wilhelm Trapp party card. Julius Wohlauf, HW 2882, 4326; Wolfgang Hoffmann, HW 2930, 4318-19, 4322.

23.
Hoffmann/Wohlauf indictment, 47-49.

24.
Hoffmann/Wohlauf indictment, 49-51.

25. Staatsanwaltschaft Hamburg, 141 Js 1457/62, Sonderband: DC-Unterlagen.

26.
This statistical breakdown of Reserve Police Battalion 101 is based upon information from 210 interrogations conducted by the Hamburg prosecuting attorney in the 1960s. Not including the officers, administrative officials, and noncommissioned officers, the interrogations provided a sample base of 174 men from the ranks. While all interrogations included data on age, not all included full information on employment. Some men gave only postwar employment status, and many of those—given the age group—were listed merely as pensioners. Thus the employment sample consists of only 155 men.

27.
These Party membership statistics are based on Party membership cards held in the BDC.

1.
Experimental gassing with Zyklon-B began in the Auschwitz main camp (
Stammlager
, or Auschwitz I) in September and October 1941. The systematic use of the new gas chamber (a converted farmhouse) at nearby Birkenau (Auschwitz II) began on February 15, 1942. Danuta Czech,
Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939-1945
(Reinbeck bei Hamburg, 1989), 116, 174-75.

2.
There was a total of 3,000 men in the Sonderdienst for the entire General Government. That many were apparently Polish collaborators with only a specious claim to ethnic German status can be seen from the fact that only 25 percent of them spoke German.
Diensttagebuch
, 574.

3.
in the Lublin district, I have relied upon Yitzhak Arad,
Betłżec, Sobibór, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps
(Bloomington, Ind., 1987), 383-87, 390-91; Tatiana Brustin-Berenstein, “Martyrologia, Opór I Zagłada Ludnósci Zydowskiej W Distrykcie Lubelskim,”
BZIH
21 (1957): 56-83; and various German court cases.

4.
Diensttagebuch
, 511 (Polizeisitzung, June 16, 1942).

5.
Hoffinann/Wohlauf indictment, 205-6.

6.
Johannes R., HW 1807.

7.
For the stationing of the various units of Reserve Police Battalion 101 throughout 1942, see Hoffmann/Wohlauf indictment, 208-12.

8.
Alfred S., HW 294-95; Albert D., HW 471; Arthur S., HW 1161; Friedrich B., HW 1581-82; Martin D., HW 1598-99; Wilhelm K., HW 1770; Herbert R., HW 2109; Heinrich E., HW 2169; Walter Z., HW 2622; Bruno G., HW 3300; Ernst N., HW 1648; August W., HW 2039.

1.
As neither Trapp, his adjutant Hagen, nor Lieutenant Gnade survived to be interrogated in the 1960s, the only direct witness to this meeting was Captain Wohlauf. His versions were so numerous and self-serving, and crucial aspects of the rest of his testimony so overwhelmingly contradicted by other witnesses, that he simply cannot be relied on.