Ordinary Men (34 page)

19.
Heinz B., HW 4414.

20.
Julius Wohlauf, HW 750-51, 760.

21.
Friedrich B., HW 1582; Friedrich Bm., HW 2099; Heinz B. and Arthur K., HW 3357; Ernst R., G 610; Heinrich R., G 627.

22.
The most detailed accounts of the Międzyrzec deportation are Heinrich H., HW 976-78; Friedrich B., HW 1582-83; Hans K., HW 2253-54; Ernst Hn., G 512-13; Ernst R., G 610-12; Karl S., G 659-60.

23.
Hans K., HW 2253.

24.
Karl S., G 659.

25.
Heinrich R., G 610.

26.
Friedrich B., HW 3529.

27.
Friedrich B., HW 1583; Ernst Hn., G 512.

28.
Heinrich H., HW 978, 3219; Hans K., HW 3220; Ernst R., G 611.

29.
Heinrich H., HW 977; Friedrich B., HW 1584; Hans K., HW 2254; Ernst Hn., G 513; Ernst R., G 612.

30.
Heinrich H., HW 977-78.

31.
Use de L., HW 1293.

32.
Heinrich H., HW 978; Hans K., HW 2254.

33.
Berl C., HW 1091.

34.
YVA 0-53/105/III (reports of the Warsaw Judenrat).

35.
ZStL, 8 AR-Z 236/60 (investigation of KdS Aussenstelle Radzyń) 3:464 (Ostbahn travel plan of August 25, 1942). For more on the breakdown at
Treblinka, see Gitta Sereny,
Into That Darkness
(London, 1974), 156-64; Arad, 89-96, 119-23.

1.
Ferdinand H., HW 3257-58.

2.
Hans K., HW 2256.

3.
The most important testimony for the Serokomla shootings is Friedrich B., HW 1586-89, 3534; Hans K., HW 2256-60; Ernst R., G 612a-b; Karl S., G 661-62.

4.
Friedrich P., HW 3534.

5.
Hans K., HW 2258.

6.
Albert D., HW 3539; Arthur S., HW 3540.

7.
Heinrich Bl., HW 464; Hans K., HW 2255; Friedrich Bm., HW 2096.

8.
Heinrich E., HW 2173.

9.
Hans K., HW 2256.

10.
Ernst Hn., G 509.

11.
Ernst Hn., G 509; Friedrich B., HW 1590.

12.
Heinz B., HW 826.

13.
Georg W., HW 1733.

14.
Gerhard H., G 541.

15.
Hans K., HW 2255; Friedrich Bm., HW 2097; Hellmut S., G 648.

16.
Alfred H., HW 286.

17.
Heinrich Bl., HW 464-65.

18.
Friedrich Bm., HW 2097-98; Hans K., HW 2255-56; Hellmut S., G 648-19; Karl S., G 662.

19.
Trapp report to Police Regiment 25, September 26, 1942, HW 2548-50.

20.
Heinz B., HW 648, 822, 824, 2438, 2440-41, 3941, 4415.

21.
Heinrich E., HW 2172.

22.
Hans K., HW 2242; Kurt D., HW 2678; Arthur S., HW 3539; Alfred K., G 582; Ernst R., G 612d.

23.
Heinrich E., HW 2174.

24.
Heinz B., HW 648, 2438.

25.
Heinz B., HW 2441.

26.
Heinrich E., HW 2174.

1.
Brustin-Berenstein, 21-92.

2.
YVA, 0-53/121 W 1/124-25 (order of Kintrupp, August 27, 1942, effective September 2, 1942).

3. Testimony of survivors Jozef B., HW 1122, and Sara K., HW 3250. According to Brustin-Berenstein, table 2, some 6,000 Jews from the smaller villages of Biała Podlaska county were deported to Międzyrzec on September 23-24. She lists the deportations from the town of Biała Podlaska itself (4, 800 Jews) on September 26 and October 6 as going directly to Treblinka, but survivor testimony indicates that at least the September deportation from Biała went first to Międzyrzec.

4.
Brustin-Berenstein, table 1, gives the figure of 610 Jews from Komarówka, 800 from Wohyn, and 1,019 from Czemierniki.

5.
Johannes R., HW 1810-11; Kurt D., HW 1621; Anton B., HW 2705-6.

6.
Paul M., HW 2659.

7.
According to Brustin-Berenstein, table 10: 1,724 from Adamów, 460 from Stanin gmina, 446 from Ulan gmina, and 213 from Wojcieszków.

8.
YVA, TR-10/710 (Landgericht Dortmund, 8 Ks 1/70, judgment against Josef Bürger): 10, 16 (hereafter Bürger judgment).

9.
For estimates of Security Police and Gendarmerie manpower in Radzyń county, see ZStL, 8 AR-Z 236/60 (investigation of KdS Aussenstelle Radzyń), 1:28 (Braumüller), 113 (Burger), 120 (Käser); 2:176-79 (Reimer), 209-10 (Brämer), 408 (Behrens), 420 (Kambach); 4:550 (Schmeer), 715 (Avriham); and Sonderband (testimony of Rumminger, Schoeja, and Wald-ner), no pagination.

10.
Brustin-Berenstein, table 10.

11.
Helmuth H., HW 317-20, 991; Heinz B., HW 823; Heinrich E., HW 2176; Richard G., G 389.

12.
Heinrich S., HW 1573-74; Max D., HW 2536.

13.
Alfred H., HW 45, 279-30.

14.
Kurt D., HW 1266, 2966-67, 4391; Paul M., HW 2663.

15.
Alfred H., HW 45, 280-82.

16.
Peter Ö., HW 1790; Walter L., G 189-90; Friedrich P., G 244.

17.
Kurt D., HW 1268, 2968, 4390.

18.
Friedrich P., G 244.

19.
August Z., HW 3367-68, G 288.

20.
Alfred H. (HW 45, 282) initially testified to the deportation of 6,000 to 10,000 but later lowered his estimate to 1,000. Kurt D. (HW 1621) likewise gave a figure of 1,000. However, all witnesses agree that a Hiwi unit was sent to assist the Order Police in carrying out the early October action. It is very unlikely that a sizable contingent of Hiwis would have been sent for so small an action, given the availability of an entire company of Order Police. Such a small number of deportees is also unlikely in view of the many thousands of Jews who had been concentrated in Międzyrzec in the previous weeks.

21. Helmuth H., HW 991; Stephan J., HW 1041-43; Tauba T., HW 1069; Friedrich B., HW 1585.

22.
Kurt D., HW 1270-71, 2790, 4391; Max F., HW 1389-90; Johannes R., HW 1012; Franz K., HW 2479.

23.
Lucia B., G 595-96; Hoffmann letter of May 5, 1943, HW 512.

24.
Julius Wohlauf, HW 752, 762-64.

25.
Heinrich H., HW 972; Rudolf B., HW 406-7; Max D., HW 1347.

26.
August Z., G 286; Konrad H., G 404-5; Wilhelm K., G 568.

27.
Wilhelm Gs., HW 2466.

28.
Bürger judgment, 18.

29.
Alfred K., G 579.

30.
Bürger judgment, 20; Aviram J., HW 1059-60; Gedali G., HW 1080; Friedrich Bm., HW 2100; Hans K., HW 2262-63. According to Hans K., Jurich shot the head of the Jewish council in a dispute over a sewing machine.

31.
Burger judgment, 20.

32.
Georg W., HW 1731-32.

33.
Brustin-Berenstein, table 10, lists only one November shooting in Łuków, of 200 Jews. The testimony of the policemen indicates that there were two. The Bürger judgment, 20-21, confirms two Łuków shootings, on November 11 and 14, each with 500 victims—a rare case in which a German court estimates casualties higher than do other sources.

34.
The one key exception was Buchmann, who claimed in the 1960s (Heinz B., HW 822, 824, 3942, 4417) that no unit under his command shot Jews, that after Józefów he had witnessed no other Jewish action except the ghetto clearing in Radzyń, where he was stationed but given no duties, and indeed that he had returned to Hamburg on November 4, one week before the first Łuków shooting. In view of the very clear memory and testimony of various staff members, some of whom had been with him in Radzyń and Łuków for some time and knew him well, it seems that Buchmann either unconsciously repressed the incident or intentionally concealed it from the interrogators.

35.
Heinrich H., G 456.

36.
Heinrich H., G 455-56; Hans Pz., HW 3525.

37.
Hans S., G 328; Ernst S., G 330; Paul F., HW 2242.

38.
Heinrich H., G 456-57; Hans Pz., HW 3525; Henry J., G 411-12.

39.
Hans S., G 330; Ernst S., G 334-335; Paul F., HW 2243.

40.
Henry J., G 413-14.

41.
Heinz B., HW 648, 824-25, 2438, 2441, 4417.

1.
Hoffmann’s “complaint” of May 3, 1943, HW 509.

2.
Bruno G., HW 2026.

3.
Erwin H., HW 1168; Martin D., HW 1602; August W., HW 2043.

4.
Alfred S., HW 298; Erwin H., HW 1169; Martin D., HW 1602; Peter C., HW 1865; August W., HW 2043-44.

5.
Martin D., HW 1602; August W., HW 2043-44.

6.
August W., HW 2045.

7.
Erwin H., HW 1169; Wilhelm J., HW 1323; Georg L., HW 1427; Friederick V., HW 1542; Martin D., HW 1603; Peter C., HW 1865; Bruno G., HW 2025; August W., HW 2044-45.

8.
Martin D., HW 1605.

9.
Friederick V., HW 1542.

10.
Martin D., HW 1605-6.

11.
Alfred S., HW 299; Georg L., HW 1428; Martin D., HW 1603; Bruno G., HW 2025-26; August W., HW 2045, 3305-6.

12.
Amandus M., HW 1631-32.

13.
Friederick V., HW 1592.

14.
August W., HW 2045.

15.
Hoffmann’s “complaint” of May 3, 1943, HW 513: Wolfgang Hoffmann, HW 2304, 2925.

16.
Friederick V., HW 1541; Martin D., HW 1605-6, 3212-13, 3319; Erwin N., HW 1693-94, 3319-20; Wilhelm K., HW 1776, 3345-49; Bruno G., HW 2030-31, 3301, 3347; Bruno R., HW 2086; Erwin H., HW 1167.

17.
Hoffmann letter of January 30, 1943, HW 523-24.

18.
Trapp letter of February 23, 1943, HW 509-10.

19.
Hoffmann “complaint” of May 3, 1943, HW 509-15.

20.
Rheindorf to police president of Hamburg, July 2, 1943, HW 538-39.

21.
Wolfgang Hoffmann, HW 788-89.

1.
YVA, TR-10/970 (Staatsanwaltschaft Hamburg, 147 Js 8/75, indictment of Arpad Wigand):81-92. See also Christopher R. Browning, “Genocide and Public Health: German Doctors and Polish Jews, 1939-41,”
Holocaust and Genocide Studies
3, no. 1 (1988): 21-36.

2.
YVA, TR-10/970 (Staatsanwaltschaft Hamburg 147 Js 8/75, indictment of Arpad Wigand):92-99; Ferdinand H., HW 3257-58;
Diensttagebuch
, 456.

3.
YVA, TR-10/542 (Staatsanwaltschaft Augsburg, 7 Js 653/53, indictment of Günther Waltz).

4. Heinrich S., HW 1573.

5.
Kurt D., HW 1623.

6.
Arthurs., HW 1164.

7.
Georg L., HW 1429; Friedrich B., HW 1552; Paul H., HW 1653; Johannes R., HW 1812; Bruno G., HW 2030; August W., HW 2048; Heinrich E., HW 2177; Heinrich B., HW 2206; Hans K., HW 2261-62; Wilhelm K., HW 2379; Anton B., HW 2708; Ernst Hr., HW 2731; Martin D., HW 3213; Walter L., G 192; Friedrich P., G 247; Hugo S., G 474; Alfred K., G 580.

8.
Erwin G., HW 4400.

9.
Paul H., HW 1653.

10.
Georg L., HW 1428-30.

11.
Peter Ö., HW 1794; Otto H., HW 2227; Hans K., HW 2261.

12.
Alfred S., HW 302.

13.
Heinrich H., HW 975-76; Rudolf B., HW 408; Heinrich E., HW 2178; Hans K., HW 2261; Karl S., G 664.

14.
Rudolf B., HW 403; Franz G., HW 1192.

15.
Wilhelm K., HW 1774, 2379; Bruno G., HW 2033-34.

16.
Alfred S., HW 300-301.

17.
Martin D., HW 1600; Erwin N., HW 3321-22.

18.
Friedrich Bm., HW 2101; Hans K., HW 2263-64.

19.
Friedrich Bm., HW 2102.

20.
For First Company, see Arthur S., HW 1164; Max F., HW 1531; Friedrich Bm., HW 2101; Heinrich E., HW 2175; Hans K., HW 2262-66; Hans Pz., HW 3256; Friedrich B., HW 3531; Alfred K., G 580; Ernst R., G 612; Karl S., G 663. For Second Company, see Rudolf B., HW 403, 407-8; Adolf B., HW 442-43; Max D., HW 1346; Heinrich S., HW 1573; Erwin G., HW 1641-42; Peter Ö., HW 1743-44; Wilhelm G., HW 2153-56; Helmuth H., HW 2207; Otto H., HW 2206-7; Walter Z., HW 2267-68; Georg K., HW 2639-40, 3344-45; Anton B., HW 2708-11; Ernst Hr., HW 2731; August Z., HW 3066-67, G 286; Richard Cm., HW 3545; Walter N., HW 3553; Wolfgang H., HW 3563-64; Paul M., HW 3935; Hermann Bg., G 100-111; Gustav M., G 169; Walter L., G 192; Friedrich P., G 248. For Third Company, see Karl E., HW 897; Walter F., HW 903; Martin D., HW 1600-1601, 1609, 3321; Erwin N., HW 1689, 1693-95; Richard M., HW 1890; Bruno P., HW 1916, 1924-25; Arthur R., HW 1938-39; Bruno G., HW 2030-34; August W., HW 2046-48, 3304; Alfred S., HW 2067; Friedrich S., HW 2072-73; Herbert R., HW 2111-12.

21.
Erwin N., HW 1693.

22.
Bruno P., HW 1917.

23.
Hans Kl., HW 3565.

24. Wolfgang H., HW 3564.

25.
Lucia B., G 598.

26.
Ernst Hn., G 511.

27.
Adolf B., HW 2532.

28.
Heinrich B., HW 3615.

29.
Walter Z, HW 2629.

30.
Otto-Julius S., HW 4577-78.

31.
Adolf B., HW 442-43.

32.
Gustav M., G 169. Another policeman (Hero B., HW 890) also ascribed his being picked only once for a Jewish action to his reputation as politically unreliable and quarrelsome.

33.
Heinrich F., G 445-46.

34.
Hugo S., G 474.

35.
Bruno P., HW 1925.

36.
Arthur R., HW 1938-39.

37.
Martin D., HW 3213.

38.
Henry J., G 415.

39.
Friedrich P., G 248.

40.
YVA, 0-53/121 II w (May 1943); 0-53/122 X I (June 1943); 0-53/122 X II (July and August 1943); 0-53/123 Y I (September and October 1943).

41.
YVA, 0-53/115/2-170, 673-725. See also YVA, TR-10/970 (Staatsanwaltschaft Hamburg, 147 Js 8/75, indictment of Arpad Wigand): 103-7.

42.
ZStL, Ord. 410, 994-96, 498, 500-501 (weekly reports of Fifth Company Reserve Police Battalion 133, Police Regiment 24, November 7-December 12, 1942).