Ottoman Brothers: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Early Twentieth-Century Palestine (62 page)

^63.
The previous price of 54 francs per roll went up to 140 francs. Wenko to Jerusalem Consulate, May 25, 1909, in ibid., 364–65. See also December 10, 1908, letter, in ibid.

^64.
Kayali, “Elections and the Electoral Process in the Ottoman Empire, 269. The 1876 language requirement of reading and “to the extent possible” writing Turkish was not adopted for the 1908 elections; a 1909 amendment which sought to make Turkish an additional requirement for voters failed in parliament. However, Turkish was a requirement for passive election.

^65.
A. Ruppin to Wolffsohn, October 6, 1908. CZA Z2/632. According to
one press account the province had lost its chance for a fourth member of parliament due to the refusal of the Bedouins of Jericho and the Negev desert to register their numbers accurately. They feared military conscription and increased taxes.
Ha-Hashkafa
, September 26, 1908.

^66.
Al-Itti
ād al-‘Uthmānī
, September 29, 1908;
Ha-Hashkafa
, August 14, 1908;
Ha-Hashkafa
, September 26, 1908. The extensive voting laws and procedures were published in the official gazette
Takvim-i Vekayi
, vol. 1, nos. 1–5, starting September 28, 1908. A copy of the election laws was to be sent to every village and region, and there were steep fines and punishments against noncompliance and fraud.
Qanun intikhab majlis al-nawwab al-‘Uthmani.

^67.
Schmelz, “Population of Jerusalem's Urban Neighborhoods”; letter from Dr. Arthur Ruppin to the president of the Zionist Actions Committee, August 24, 1908, CZA Z2/632; Thomas R. Wallace to Fred Deem, Esq., February 24, 1909 (file 14881/6–7), NACP, National Archives microfilm publication M862, roll 904, Jerusalem, numerical file, 1906–10, central files of the Department of State, record group 59.

^68.
Ruppin to ZAC, August 24, 1908, CZA Z2/632; Ruppin to ZAC, January 1, 1909, CZA Z2/8.

^69.
Ha-Hashkafa
, September 16, 1908.

^70.
Vergi
was taxed at 12 percent of the sales price of the home or shop.
Ha-
erut
, January 2, 1911.

^71.
For example, Greek Orthodox farmers in Epirus protested, arguing that they should receive the franchise since they worked on the lands which were taxed. Knight,
Turkey
, 270. On Jerusalem see: Farhi, “Documents on the Attitude of the Ottoman Government, 200; BOA MV. 120/62, September 16, 1908; Letter from Dr. Arthur Ruppin to the president of the Zionist Actions Committee, August 24, 1908. CZA Z2/632;
Ha-Hashkafa
, September 23, 1908.

^72.
Ha-Po'el ha-
a'ir
, September 1908.

^73.
Ha-Hashkafa
, September 23, 1908; Y. Levi to A. Ruppin, September 29, 1908. CZA L2/43.

^74.
Similar claims are made in Makedonski, “La révolution Jeune-Turque”; and Boura, “Greek Millet in Turkish Politics,” although neither offer hard data on enfranchisement.

^75.
Ruppin to Levi, January 1909. CZA L2/43. Although solid demographic data for Jaffa is not available, it seems that Christian enfranchisement may have been slightly higher than their distribution in the population at large. The difference between Christian enfranchisement in Jerusalem and Jaffa is likely explained by the availability of living quarters owned by the church versus privately owned.

^76.
Cited in Sabato, “On Political Citizenship in Nineteenth-Century Latin America.”

^77.
Al-Itti
ād al-‘Uthmānī
, October 11, 1908;
Ha-
vi
, September 30, 1908; Also Darwaza,
Mudhakkirat.

^78.
Al-Itti
ād al-‘Uthmānī
, October 9, 1908.

^79.
Al-Itti
ād al-‘Uthmānī, September 25, 1908.

^80.
Al-Itti
ād al-‘Uthmānī
, September 25, 1908; October 1, 1908; October 10, 1908.

^81.
Al-Itti
ād al-‘Uthmānī
, October 1, 1908.

^82.
Al-Itti
ād al-‘Uthmānī, September 25, 1908.