Outlaw Marriages (37 page)

50
. McClellan,
The Girls
, 163–68, 246–47; Schanke,
Furious Lesbian
, 113–17.

51
. Paris,
Garbo
, 374.

52
. “Bans Garbo Film at Providence, R.I.,”
New York Times
, November 26, 1941, 29; Nelson B. Bell, “Two-Faced Woman Stars a Duplex Garbo,”
Washington Post
, December 5, 1941, 13; “Garbo Tries Comedy Way Second Time,”
Los Angeles Times
, December 6, 1941, A9.

53
. de Acosta,
Here Lies the Heart
, 315; Paris,
Garbo
, 381.

54
. Schanke,
Furious Lesbian
, 109–10.

55
. Ibid., 144–46.

56
. Paris,
Garbo
, 405; Schanke,
Furious Lesbian
, 152; Hugo Vickers,
Loving Garbo: The Story of Greta Garbo, Cecil Beaton, and Mercedes de Acosta
(New York: Random House, 1994), 114. Garbo made the statement to Cecil Beaton.

57
. Paris,
Garbo
, 386–431; Schanke,
Furious Lesbian
, 132–50.

58
. Garbo to de Acosta, August 15, 1949, folder 23, and Ram Gopal to de Acosta, May 16, 1965, folder 11, de Acosta Collection; de Acosta,
Here Lies the Heart
, 398.

59
. Paris,
Garbo
, 411–17; Frederick Sands and Sven Broman,
The Divine Garbo
(New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1979), 193–95.

60
. Paris,
Garbo
, 440.

61
. Schanke,
Furious Lesbian
, 162.

62
. Ibid., 171; Garbo to de Acosta, June 7, 1952, and December 22, 1954, folder 23, de Acosta Collection; McClellan,
The Girls
, 370; Vickers,
Loving Garbo
, 243.

63
. Arthur Todd, “The Place Cards Read Like an All-Star Cast at a Benefit,”
New York Times
, May 29, 1960, BR6.

64
. Garbo to de Acosta, undated, folder 23, de Acosta Collection; Schanke,
Furious Lesbian
, 168.

65
. Paris,
Garbo
, 510; Schanke,
Furious Lesbian
, 167.

66
. de Acosta to Richard Buckle, April 22, 1961, and de Acosta to William McCarthy, October 1964, folder 7, de Acosta Collection.

67
. “Mercedes de Acosta,”
New York Times
, 44.

68
. Gray Horan, “Garbo's Refuge,”
New York Times
, September 2, 1990, SM30.

69
. Barnes, “Greta Garbo Dies,” A1, A10; Michael Blowen, “Greta Garbo, Film Star of '20s, '30s, Dies at 84,”
Boston Globe
, April 16, 1990, 1, 47; Peter B. Flint, “Greta Garbo, 84, Screen Icon Who Fled Her Stardom, Dies,”
New York Times
, April 16, 1990, A1, D11; Burt A. Folkart, “Greta Garbo, Alluring but Aloof Film Star, Dies at 84,”
Los Angeles Times
, April 16, 1990, A1, A24, A25; Jack Larson, “Garbo: Outtakes of a Life,”
Washington Post
, April 22, 1990, B2; Tom Shales, “The Glory That Was Garbo,”
Washington Post
, April 16, 1990, B1.

1
. David Patrick Stearns, “Appreciation; Copland Captured Sounds of a Nation,”
USA Today
, December 3, 1990, D1.

2
. On Copland's early years, see Howard Pollack,
Aaron Copland: The Life and Work of an Uncommon Man
(New York: Henry Holt, 1999), 15–29; John Rockwell, “Copland, the Dean of U.S. Music, Dies at 90,”
New York Times
, December 3, 1990, A1; Marc E. Vargo,
Noble Lives: Biographical Portraits of Three Remarkable Gay Men—Glenway Wescott, Aaron Copland, Dag Hammarskjold
(New York: Harrington Park Press, 2005), 46–49. Copland's parents were Harris Morris Copland and Sarah Mittenthal Copland.

3
. Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 30–56; Rockwell, “Copland,” A1; Vargo,
Noble Lives
, 48–51.

4
. Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 50, 52–53.

5
. On Kraft's early years, see Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 239; Carol J. Oja and Judith Tick,
Aaron Copland and His World
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), 152–54. Kraft's parents were Samuel Etler and Bella Etler.

6
. “Music Week Medals Won by Many Youths,”
New York Times
, April 29, 1925, 24; Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 239.

7
. Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 239.

8
. Ibid., 121; Aaron Copland and Vivian Perlis,
Copland: 1900 Through 1942
(Boston: Faber and Faber, 1984), 106; Rockwell, “Copland,” A1.

9
. Lawrence Gilman, “Music,”
New York Herald Tribune
, January 12, 1925; Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 156.

10
. “Concerts,”
New York Times
, March 4, 1932, 16; Virgil Thomson, “Aaron Copland,”
Modern Music
9, no. 2 (1932): 67.

11
. Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 235.

12
. Ibid., 3; David Denby, “The Gift to Be Simple,”
New Yorker
, December 13, 1999, 102.

13
. Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 179–80.

14
. Ibid., 182–185; Vargo,
Noble Lives
, 56.

15
. Copland and Perlis,
Copland: 1900 Through 1942
, 213; Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 217.

16
. Copland and Perlis,
Copland: 1900 Through 1942
, 213; Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 217.

17
. Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 239.

18
. Ibid., 239–40.

19
. Copland and Perlis,
Copland: 1900 Through 1942
, 213.

20
. Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 239; Vargo,
Noble Lives
, 56–57.

21
. Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 239–40.

22
. Copland and Perlis,
Copland: 1900 Through 1942
, 216.

23
. Ibid.

24
. Ibid., 213–16; Oja and Tick,
Aaron Copland
, 152–54; Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 224, 277–78.

25
. Copland and Perlis,
Copland: 1900 Through 1942
, 245; Pollack,
Aaron Copland
,
299.

26
. Copland and Perlis,
Copland: 1900 Through 1942
, 246, 268; Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 240, 303.

27
. “Bravos Hail Peerce at Bowl,”
Los Angeles Times
, August 18, 1939, A11; Compton Pakenham, “Recent Phonograph Recordings,”
New York Times
, April 23, 1939, 132; Jay Walz, “Vienna Boys Sing Album of Easter Music,”
Washington Post
, April 2, 1939, 77.

28
.
Time
, June 5, 1939.

29
. Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 343.

30
. Copland and Perlis,
Copland: 1900 Through 1942
, 252; Vargo,
Noble Lives
, 57.

31
. Copland and Perlis,
Copland: 1900 Through 1942
, 229.

32
. Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 102; Vargo,
Noble Lives
, 57.

33
. Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 359–60.

34
. Denby, “Gift to Be Simple,” 102; Hans Kindler, “Handel Suite Symphony's Forte Today,”
Washington Post
, January 21, 1945, S5; Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 360; “Stokowski Offers Christmas Music,”
New York Times
, December 19, 1944, 26.

35
. For the quote, see Michael Tilson Thomas, music director of the San Francisco Symphony, in “Copland and the American Sound,” a video recording directed and produced in 2006 by David Kennard and Joan Saffa. Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 361–62.

36
. Copland and Perlis,
Copland: Since 1943
(New York: St. Martin's, 1989), 77; Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 237.

37
. For the quote, see Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 225. Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 375.

38
. Copland and Perlis,
Copland: Since 1943
, 62.

39
. Edwin Denby, “The Dance: Appalachian Spring,”
New York Herald Tribune
, May 15, 1945, 14; Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 47.

40
. “Pulitzer Awards for 1944 Revealed,”
New York Times
, May 8, 1945, A1.

41
. Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 346, 383, 432.

42
. Ibid., 240; Copland and Perlis,
Copland: Since 1943
, 19.

43
. Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 235.

44
. Ibid., 236, 246–48.

45
. Copland and Perlis,
Copland: Since 1943
, 174; Vargo,
Noble Lives
, 57–58.

46
. Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 241–42; Vargo,
Noble Lives
, 58.

47
. Copland and Perlis,
Copland: Since 1943
, 87, 135, 293, 334; Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 96, 240.

48
. Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 236–37.

49
. Ibid., 243.

50
. Ibid., 242; Copland and Perlis,
Copland: Since 1943
, 309.

51
. Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 242–43.

52
. Copland to Phillip Ramey, October 12, 1972, Aaron Copland Collection, Music Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

53
. Ernest A. Lotito, “30 to Receive Freedom Medals,”
Washington Post
, July 4, 1964, A1; Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 476.

54
. Copland and Perlis,
Copland: Since 1943
, 359, 383.

55
. Ibid., 401; Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 244; Vargo,
Noble Lives
, 58.

56
.
Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 244; Vargo,
Noble Lives
, 58.

57
. Copland and Perlis,
Copland: Since 1943
, 387.

58
. Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 244; Vargo,
Noble Lives
, 58.

59
. Pollack,
Aaron Copland
, 244.

60
. Richard F. Shepard, “TV: ‘Kennedy Center Honors' Celebrates the Performing Arts,”
New York Times
, December 29, 1979, 42; Lon Tuck, “12 to Receive Arts Medals,”
Washington Post
, July 8, 1986, D3.

61
. Vargo,
Noble Lives
, 58.

62
. For the quote, see Rockwell, “Copland,” A1. “Aaron Copland Dies; Music Found the American Mood,”
Los Angeles Times
, December 3, 1990, A1; Bart Barnes, “Eminent American Composer Aaron Copland Dies at 90,”
Washington Post
, December 3, 1990, A1; “Composer Copland Dies,”
Chicago Tribune
, December 3, 1990, A1; Richard Dyer, “Composer Aaron Copland Dies,”
Boston Globe
, December 3, 1990, A1.

1
. On Williams's early years, see Donald Spoto,
The Kindness of Strangers: The Life of Tennessee Williams
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1985), 1–66; Dakin Williams and Shepherd Mead,
Tennessee Williams: An Intimate Biography
(New York: Arbor House, 1983), 13–45; Tennessee Williams,
Memoirs
(New York: New Directions, 1972), 1–51. Williams's parents were Cornelius Williams and Edwina Dakin Williams.

2
. John J. Goldman, “Tennessee Williams, 71, Playwright, Dies in N.Y.,”
Los Angeles Times
, February 26, 1983, A19.

3
. Ibid.

4
. Williams,
Memoirs
, 24, 36.

5
. Richard Christiansen, “Tennessee Williams Killed by Bottle Cap,”
Chicago Tribune
, February 27, 1983, B11.

6
. Williams and Mead,
Tennessee Williams
, 64.

7
. J. Y. Smith, “Tennessee Williams Is Dead at Age 71,”
Washington Post
, February 26, 1983, B6.

8
. On Merlo's early years, see Spoto,
Kindness
, 152–54; Williams and Mead,
Tennessee Williams
, 169–80.

9
. Spoto,
Kindness
, 244–45.

10
. Ibid.

11
. Williams and Mead,
Tennessee Williams
, 73.

12
. Spoto,
Kindness
, 69.

13
. Richard Christiansen, “Last Curtain Falls for Dramatist Tennessee Williams, Dead at 71,”
Chicago Tribune
, February 26 1983, 1, 2.

14
. Goldman, “Tennessee Williams,” A20.

15
. Claudia Cassidy, “Fragile Drama Holds Together in Tight Spell,”
Chicago Tribune
, December 27, 1944, 11; “Glass Menagerie Is Best Play of Year, Drama Critics Decide,”
New York Times
, April 11, 1945, 18; Leonard Lyons, “Broadway Glossary,”
Washington Post
, May 12, 1945, 8.

16
. Frank S. Adams, “Pulitzer Prizes Go to ‘Streetcar' and Michener's Stories of
Pacific,”
New York Times
, May 4, 1948, A1; Howard Barnes, “O'Neill Status Won by Author of Streetcar,”
New York Herald Tribune
, December 14, 1947, E1; Wolcott Gibbs, “Theater,”
New Yorker
, December 13, 1947, 50.

17
. Spoto,
Kindness
, 141, 145–46.

18
. Ibid., 139.

19
. Ibid., 145; Williams,
Memoirs
, 139; Williams to Paul Bigelow, January 7, 1948, Rare Books and Manuscript Library, Columbia University, New York.