Pain (40 page)

26
. Stanley W. Jacob, Margaret Bischel, and Robert J. Herschler, “Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO): A New Concept in Pharmacotherapy”
Current Therapeutic Research
6, no. 2 (February, 1964): 134–35; “Sweet Taste of DMSO,”
Newsweek
, December 23, 1963, 68. “Two Concerns Market ‘Cure' for Arthritis,”
New York Times
, August 18, 1966, 23; see also “Bufferin Accused by F.T.C. over Ads,”
New York Times
, January 24, 1967, 10; see also Marjorie Hunter, “Arthritis Pills Barred from U.S.: Homemade Agent Produced in Canada Described as Dangerous by F.D.A.; One Death Is Reported; Federal Agency to Review Public Comments on New Drug-Testing Rules,”
New York Times
, October 10, 1962, 49; Norman O. Rothermich, “Coming Catastrophes with Chloroquine?,”
Annals of Internal Medicine
61 (December 64), 1203; “DMSO—Promise and Danger,”
New York Times
, April 3, 1965, 28; Joseph Lee Hollander, “The Calculated Risk of Arthritis Treatment,”
Annals of Internal Medicine
62 (May 1965), 1062.

27
. Marc Wilson, “A Dubious Arthritis ‘Miracle,'”
Baltimore Sun
, January 4, 1976, T1. Datelined Mexicali, Mexico, this report documented the trend of Americans crossing into Mexico for pain relief, “in a dusty alley 200 yards from the United States border.”

28
. For the emergence of new drugs and findings on psychotoxicity of tranquilizers, see David Herzberg,
Happy Pills in America: From Miltown to Prozac
(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), 102, 210; and
Control of Psychotoxic
Drugs: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare
, U.S. Senate, Eighty-Eighth Congress, second session, August 3, 1964 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964): 38; for “therapeutic society,” see Philip Rieff,
The Triumph of the Therapeutic
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966); and Katie Wright,
The Rise of the Therapeutic Society: Psychological Knowledge and the Contradictions of Cultural Change
(Washington, D.C.: New Academia, 2010), 15.

29
. For “it kills pain …,” see John Osmundsen, “Miracle Drug,”
New York Times
, February 28, 1965, B6; on the antidotes, as one writer on women's issues for the Negro Press International noted, these “wonder inventions have long since become a familiar pattern in our lives.” Pam McAllister, “Women's Talk,”
Philadelphia Tribune
, March 27, 1965, 8.

30
. For “the nearest thing …,” see “DMSO-Promise and Danger,”
New York Times
, April 3, 1965, 28; “Crown Zellerbach to Expand DMSO Plant in Louisiana,”
Wall Street Journal
, May 21, 1965, 3; on the questioning of the drug, see Robert G. Sherrill, “Razz-Ma-Tazz in the Drug Industry,”
Nation
, April 11, 1966, 425–27.

31
. On the need for more pain experts, see Sherrill, “Razz-Ma-Tazz in the Drug Industry”; for “not as wonderful …,” see Thomas Fenton, “Two Doctors Wary on Wonder Drug,”
Baltimore Sun
, September 8, 1965, 46; William M. Carley, “DMSO May Have Caused Death of Woman, Makers of ‘Wonder' Drug Warn Doctors,”
Wall Street Journal
, September 9, 1965, 6. “DMSO: Demise of a Wonder Drug?,”
American Journal of Nursing
65 (December 1965): 62.

32
. On new regulatory actions, as Dan Carpenter has noted, Kelsey “reined in investigators who lacked credibility” and terminated investigational projects on such controversial substances as DMSO and LSD. Daniel Carpenter,
Reputation and Power: Organizational Image and Pharmaceutical Regulation at the FDA
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), 287–88; on the launching of DMSO hearings,
Committee on Government Operations. Drug Safety
; for “sensible resumption …,” see “Decision on DMSO,”
New York Times
, December 29, 1966, 30; Harold M. Schmeck, “DMSO Ban Ended by Drug Agency,”
New York Times
, Dec. 23, 1966, 27.

33
. J. Harold Brown, “Clinical Experience with DMSO in Acute Musculoskeletal Conditions Comparing a Noncontrolled Series with a Controlled Double Blind Study: Biological Actions of Dimethyl Sulfoxide,”
Annals of the New York Academy of Medicine
141 (March 15, 1967), 496–505.

34
. For “persecuted drug …,” see “Blackout on DMSO,”
Time
, May 5, 1967, 70, 72; on Kelsey and standoff, see Wilson, “Dubious Arthritis ‘Miracle.'” Among the drugs offered were cortisone and DMSO; on the new era, see Stanley
W. Jacob, Edward E. Rosenbaum, and Don C. Wood, eds.,
Dimethyl Sulfoxide
, vol. 1:
Basic Concepts of DMSO
(New York: Marcel Dekker, 1971); Pat McGrady Sr.,
The Persecuted Drug: The Story of DMSO
(New York: Doubleday, 1973).

35
. The next decade brought another round of congressional DMSO hearings, promises of the drug's return, and a wide range of officially unapproved uses by consumers who continued to believe in the product. See
DMSO, New Hope for Arthritis? Hearing before the Select Committee on Aging, House of Representatives
, Ninety-Sixth Congress, second session, March 24, 1980. (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980);
Committee on Labor and Human Resources. Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research. Preclinical and Clinical Testing by the Pharmaceutical Industry—DMSO: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Labor and Human Resources
, United States Senate, Ninety-Sixth Congress, second session, on Examination of the testing of DMSO and FDA's role in the process, July 31, 1980 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980); Barry Tarshis,
DMSO: The True Story of a Remarkable Pain-Killing Drug
(New York: Morrow, 1981); Jane Brody, “Debate Rages on DMSO Despite Its Users' Claims,”
New York Times
, May 18, 1983, C1.

36
. On Bonica, see Isabelle Baszanger,
Inventing Pain Medicine: From the Laboratory to the Clinic
(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995); on insights into disability, see Jack Olender, “Proof and Evaluation of Pain and Suffering in Personal Injury Litigation,”
Duke Law Journal
1962, no. 3 (Summer 1962): 344–78; In one 1964 case, a staff member at Winthrop Laboratories thanked Bonica for going “to such an extent to prove the innocence of Carbo-caine in this case, since we have a pending new drug application” before the FDA. Letter from A. Scribner, senior associate director of medical research, Wintrop Laboratories, to John Bonica, November 24, 1964, Bonica Papers, box 68, folder 37. See also Bonica to A. Scribner, November 20, 1964.

37
. C. Richard Chapman, “The Founding Father of the Pain Field,” quoted in Ajit Panickar, “Medicine: John Bonica,”
Pain News
(Winter 2009), 30,
http://www.britishpainsociety.org/bps_nl_winter_2009.pdf
.

38
. “Relief of Pain,”
Time
, May 17, 1963, 93.

39
. Ronald Melzack, “Pain: Past, Present, and Future,” In
Pain: New Perspectives in Therapy and Research
, ed. M. Weisenberg and B. Tursky (New York: Plenum, 1976), 138.

40
. On the gate control concept, see Baszanger,
Inventing Pain Medicine
, 57; David Morris,
The Culture of Pain
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991); for “pain is not a fixed …,” see Ronald Melzack, “The Perception of Pain,”
Scientific American
, February 1961, 49; for “the concept of a …,” see
Ronald Melzack and Patrick D. Wall, “Pain Mechanisms: A New Theory,”
Science
50 (1965): 971–79; for pain and perceptions, see Ronald Melzack, “The Puzzle of Pain” (lecture, National Film Board of Canada, 1965). “Psychology Topics for Discussion Groups: Supervised Series by Professor D. O. Hebb,”
http://www.snagfilms.com/films/title/the_puzzle_of_pain
.

41
. Melzack and Wall, “Pain Mechanisms.” For Wall's comments on MIT and cybernetics, see Martin Rosenberg and Steve McMahon, “Extract from an Annotated Physiology Society Interview with Professor Patrick Wall (1925–2001),” appendix 1 in
Innovation in Pain Management: The Transcript of a Witness Seminar Held by the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, London, on 12 December 2002
, ed. L. A. Reynolds and E. M. Tansey (London: Wellcome Trust, 2004), 101.

42
. For “specificity theory,” see Melzack and Wall, “Pain Mechanisms”; for “all fiber endings …,” see Melzack and Wall, “Pain Mechanism”; and Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall, “On the Nature of Cutaneous Sensory Mechanisms,”
Brain
85, no. 2 (June 1962): 337; for failure of current theories, see Melzack and Wall, “Pain Mechanisms.”

43
. Other scholars echoed these points. See Benjamin Spector, “A Doctor's Dilemma” (commencement address)
Journal of the American Medical Association
194, no. 2 (October 11, 1965): 154–56. On the increasing value placed on patient attitude in diagnosis, see Harry Nelson, “Patient's Attitude toward Pain Called Aid to Diagnosis,”
Los Angeles Times
, March 3, 1966, A1; for “if we can recover …,” see R. Melzack and K. L. Casey, “Sensory, Motivation, and Central Control Determinants of Pain: A New Conceptual Model,” in
The Skin Senses
, ed. Dan R. Kenshalo (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1968), 423–43; on the blurring the lines among medical therapy, consciousness raising, and revolutionary social protest, see, for example, Erika Dyck,
Psychedelic Psychiatry: LSD from Clinic to Campus
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008); William Braden,
The Private Sea: LSD and the Search for God
(Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1967); and Howard Becker, “History, Culture, and Subjective Experience: An Exploration of the Social Bases of Drug-Induced Experience,”
Journal of Health and Social Behavior
8 (September 1967): 163–76. See also David Kaiser,
How the Hippies Saved Physics: Science, Counterculture, and the Quantum Revival
(New York: Norton, 2011).

44
. Robert Shaw, who developed the concept, was not sympathetic to malingerers. He wrote, “Physicians must know that their larger obligation to society for the medical truth, as nearly as it can be defined, must not be subservient to their duty to their individual patient … Increased public consciousness of reward through litigation has made the motivation for seeking it and maintaining
maximum disability enormously strong.” Robert S. Shaw, “Pathologic Malingering: The Painful Disabled Extremity,”
New England Journal of Medicine
271 (July 2, 1964): 26. See also Delos Smith, “Malingering Said Evil of Times,”
Beaver County Times
(PA), July 9, 1964, 5; and Knud Rasmussen, Robert Shaw, and Karl Sparup, “The Terrible Cost of Being Compensated,”
Journal of the American Bar Association
53 (1967): 1136–39.

45
. Harry Schwartz, “Pain: Why We Do and Don't Say Ouch!,”
New York Times
, June 6, 1971, E12.

46
. For “the three problems …,” see “Social Security Disability Benefits: Three Current Problems,”
Minnesota Law Review
52 (1967–1968): 169; on the film
Threshold
, see “
Threshold
Film Receives Gold Medal at Festival,”
NIH Record
(July 8, 1970). The film, produced by Tracy Ward, Audio Productions, received a gold medal at the Atlanta International Film Festival; by 1971, nearly sixteen million television viewers and seventy-five thousand medical, dental, nursing, and civic groups had seen it. Helen Neal (NIH) to John Bonica, August 6, 1971, box 58, folder 10, Bonica Papers.

47
. Mark Zborowski,
People in Pain
(San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1969), 31–32.

48
. For “preoccupation with the …,” see ibid., 110, 114. See also Mark Zborowski, “Cultural Components in Response to Pain,”
Journal of Social Issues
8 (Fall 1952): 16–30; for “transmission of cultural values …,” “like the Jewish patient …,” and “that he does not want,” see Zborowski,
People in Pain
, 3–5, 136, 96.

49
. On the interaction of the gay rights and psychiatry in this era, for example, see Ronald Bayer, “Diagnostic Politics: Homosexuality and the American Psychiatric Association,” in
Homosexuality and American Psychiatry: The Politics of Diagnosis
, ed. Ronald Bayer (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987); on race and medicine, see Keith Wailoo, “Between Progress and Protest,” in
How Cancer Crossed the Color Line
, ed. Keith Wailoo (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011); and on gender and medicine, see, for example, Elizabeth Siegel Watkins,
On the Pill: A Social History of Oral Contraceptives, 1950–1970
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001).

50
. Zborowski,
People in Pain
, 3–5.

51
. On diversifying of pain theory in 1960s, see “Behavioral Sciences Notes: Gate Theory; Animals Raised without Stimulation,”
Science News
92 (December 2, 1967): 542; “Controlling Pain at the Gate,”
Science News
100 (July 3, 1971): 7; for “appealing because …,” see John Bonica, “Current Concepts of the Pain Process,”
Northwest Medicine
69 (1970), 661–64. See also Richard A. Sternbach,
Pain: A Psychophysiological Analysis
(New York: Academic Press, 1968); on the
theory's endorsement of diversity, see, for example, Ernest R. Hilgard, “The Alleviation of Pain by Hypnosis,”
Pain
1 (1975), 213–31; Ernest R. Hilgard and Joseph R. Hilgard,
Hypnosis in the Relief of Pain
(Los Altos, CA: William Kaufmann, 1975); R. A. Ersek, “Transcutaneous Electrical Neurostimulation: A New Therapeutic Modality for Controlling Pain,”
Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research
128 (October 1977): 314–24; Dorothy S. Siegele, “The Gate Control Theory,”
American Journal of Nursing
74 (March 1974): 498–502.