Pain (41 page)

52
. Schwartz, “Pain: Why We Do and Don't Say Ouch!”; on popular meaning of gate control theory, see “Pain: Search for Understanding and Relief,”
Time
, June 1969, 63–64. As this article noted, it became common wisdom that “mind doctors and body doctors are at last recognizing that in their evolving concern with pain they are really talking about the same thing in different terms” (63). For “bona fide medical …,” see Albert Rosenfeld, “The Vital Facts about the Drug and Its Effects,”
Life
, March 25, 1966, 30A; for “in evaluating …,” see T. P. Hackett, “Pain and Prejudice: Why Do We Doubt That the Patient Is in Pain?,”
Anesthesia Progress
(May–June 1971): 55; for “switch off,” see “Switching Off the Pain.”
Time
, October 1, 1965, 62; and Rosenfeld, “Vital Facts about the Drug,” 30A.

53
. On P. W. Nathan, see G. D. Schott, “In Memoriam: Peter Nathan,”
International Association for the Study of Pain
,
http://www.iasp-pain.org/AM/Tem plate.cfm?Section=In_Memoriam1&Template=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=1263
; for “although the theory …,” see P. W. Nathan, “The Gate-Control Theory of Pain: A Critical Review,”
Pain
99, no. 1 (1976): 123–58.

54
. On methadone, see Guy P. Seaburg, “The Drug Abuse Problems and Some Proposals,”
Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science
58 (September 1967): 349–75; on critics of methadone, see “Methadone: Cracks in the Panacea,”
Science News
97 (April 11, 1970): 366–67; for “reaction to the excessive …,” see Henry L. Lennard, Leon J. Esptein, and Mitchell S. Rosenthal, “The Methadone Illusion,”
Science
, May 26, 1972, 881–84; on methadone detractors, see Robert Balzell, “Drug Abuse: Methadone Becomes the Solution and the Problem,”
Science
179, February 23, 1973, 772. Constance Holden, “Methadone: New FDA Guidelines Would Tighten Distribution,”
Science
, August 11, 1972, 502.

55
. George Herman (correspondent), Vern Diamond (producer), Burton Benjamin (executive producer), “The Mystery of Pain,”
CBS News
(special transcript), April 7, 1970, box 58, folder 10, Bonica Papers, UCLA, pp. 1, 6.

56
. Harry Schwartz, “Acupuncture: The Needle Pain-Killer Comes to America,”
New York Times
, June 4, 1972, E7. See also Margaret E. Armstrong, “Acupuncture,”
American Journal of Nursin
g 72 (September 1972): 1582–88.

57
. On James Reston, see William L. Prensky (letter to the editor), “Reston Helped Open a Door to Acupuncture,”
New York Times
, December 9, 1995; on the encounter between American and Chinese medicine, the cover of
JAMA
, December 1971, featured a Chinese acupuncture manikin; for “explain and legitimate …,” see Laurence Cherry, “Solving the Mysteries of Pain,”
New York Times
, January 30, 1977, SM8.

58
. On growth of acupuncture, see Barbara Culliton, “Acupuncture: Fertile Ground for Faddists and Serious NIH Research,”
Science
, August 18, 1972, 592–94; Robert Schwartz, “Acupuncture and Expertise: A Challenge to Physician Control,”
Hastings Center Report
11 (April 1981): 5–7; Paul Root Wolpe, “The Maintenance of Professional Authority: Acupuncture and the American Physician,”
Social Problems
32 (June 1985): 409–24; for “after years of injections …,” see Eileen Mullan to John Bonica, June 23, 1973, box 66, folder 33, Bonica Papers; for “Dear John …,” see Frank Moya, MD, anesthesiology, Miami, to Bonica, November 1972, Bonica Papers, UCLA; on Bonica, see John J. Bonica, “Acupuncture Anesthesia in the People's Republic of China: Implications for American Medicine,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
228 (1974): 1544–51.

59
. John Bonica, “Trip to the People's Republic of China,” June–July 1973, box 66, folder 52, Bonica Papers.

60
. Ibid.

61
. For “the gate [control] …” and “acupuncture analgesia …,” see Harry Nelson, “Researchers Agree on One Point—Acupuncture Works,”
Los Angeles Times
, June 15, 1973, A1; for one important analysis of East-West tensions as played out in conceptualizations of the body, see Shigehisa Kuriyama,
The Expressiveness of the Body and the Divergence of Greek and Chinese Medicine
(New York: Zone Books, 2002).

62
. For “I am certain …,” Secretary of Health, South Dakota, to John Bonica, July 1973, Box 66, Folder 23 (“Acupuncture in other states, 1973–74”), John Bonica Papers; Tom Read, “UW Medic Back from China with Prescription for Future,”
Seattle Post-Intelligencer
, July 12, 1973, D1.

63
. Ibid.

64
. “Needling the China Watchers,”
Wall Street Journal
, July 18, 1973, 8. See also Jeremi Suri, “Détente and Its Discontents,” in
Rightward Bound: Making America Conservative in the 1970s
, ed. Bruce J. Schulman and Julian E. Zelizer (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008); for “one doctor who …,” see “Needling the China Watchers.”

65
. Box 66, folder 52, Bonica Papers, UCLA. In a letter to the editor of the
Washington Post
(which had misrepresented his views from a
JAMA
article), Bonica wrote, “Since relief of pain and response to treatment are influenced by
many factors, including culture, tradition, education, and background, and because acupuncture is a new therapeutic modality in American medicine, it is essential that it be tested in American patients using well established scientific principles.” John Bonica, “Acupuncture's Efficacy,”
Washington Post
, July 10, 1974, A31. Asked by
U.S. News and World Report
in 1974, “Dr. Bonica, what is pain? Can science actually define the sensation?” he responded, “If you ask 100 different authorities that question, you would get 100 different answers.” See interview transcript, Box 133, folder 5, Bonica Papers, UCLA.

66
. For “real” pain, see Baszanger,
Inventing Pain Medicine
, 59; on gate control theory, the
British Medical Journal
concluded that, despite its vagueness as to mechanisms, Melzack and Wall had “enshrined a major medical concept and it has had a powerful impact on research, theory, and treatment.” “The Gate Control Theory of Pain,”
British Medical Journal
2 (August 26, 1978): 586–87; See also Sheri Emond, “Therapy Works Where Surgery Fails,”
Los Angeles Times
, September 14, 1980, V5.

67
. One study that framed developments in pain management in explicitly political terms—albeit framed by the micropolitics of the doctor-patient relationship—was S. Y. Fagerhaugh and Y. Shizuko,
Politics of Pain Management: Staff-Patient Interaction
(Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley, Health Sciences Division, 1977); Philip Sechzer, “Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA): A Retrospective,”
Anesthesiology
72 (1990): 735–36. See also M. Keeri-Szanto, “Apparatus for Demand Analgesia,”
Canadian Anaesthesiology Society Journal
18 (1971): 581–82; Philip H. Sechzer, “Objective Measurement of Pain,”
Anesthesiology
29 (1968): 209–10; J. S. Scott, “Obstetric Analgesia,”
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
106 (1970): 959–78; for Demand Dropmaster, see the discussion in Scott Fishman,
The War on Pain: How Breakthroughs in the New Field of Pain Medicine Are Turning the Tide against Suffering
(New York: Harper Collins, 2000), 47.

68
. On learned helplessness, see Martin Seligman, “Learned Helplessness,”
Annual Review of Medicine
23 (1972): 407–12; for “I share your concern …,” see letter from Steven Brena to John Bonica, 1982, Box 1, Folder 91 “Brena, Steven,” John Bonica Papers.

69
. Helen Neal,
The Politics of Pain
(New York: McGraw Hill, 1978). As one report noted, “American doctors are not allowed by law to use heroin which has been banned since 1924. In Britain heroin has been found to be indispensable in 10% of cancer pain largely because less is needed than morphine, it can have fewer side effects and it can be taken orally.” Derek Humphry, “Dying Patients—Pain Control: Is Everything Being Done?”
Los Angeles Times
, January 4, 1979, B1. On other alternatives to drugs and surgery ranging from biofeedback to
“grinning and bearing it,” see Ronald Kotulak, “How Pain-Killing Drugs Can Cause More Pain,”
Chicago Tribune
, September 11, 1977, 1; Marilyn Ferguson, “Use of Mind to Overcome Pain Explored,”
Hartford Courant
, November 11, 1973, 4A. “Pain: Medical Science Begins to Take It Seriously,”
U.S. News & World Report
, August 1, 1977, 61.

70
. For “losers … whose learned …,” see “Pain: Where Does It Hurt?,”
NBC News
, discussed in Clarence Petersen, “Ouch! Hurt Feelings Can Be a Real Pain,”
Chicago Tribune
, March 28, 1972, B11. For a later commentary, see H. C. Pheasant, “Backache–Its Nature, Incidence and Cost,”
Western Journal of Medicine
126(1977): 330–32. The phrase “low back loser” built on the work of lowback pain scholars. R. A. Sternbach, R. W. Murphy, W. H. Akeson, and S. R. Wolf, “Chronic Low-Back Pain—the ‘Low-Back Loser,'”
Postgraduate Medicine
53 (May 1973). For “pain is not …,” see Miranda v. Richardson 514 F.2d 996 (1st Cir., April 14, 1975) (75 Ford Administration).

1
. “‘Welfare Queen' Loses Her Cadillac Limousine,”
New York Times
, February 29, 1976, 42; Dan Miller, “The Chutzpah Queen: Favorite Reagan Target as Welfare Cheat Remains Unflappable at Trial in Chicago,”
Washington Post
, March 13, 1977, 3. For insight on the Reagan years, see Matthew Dallek,
The Right Moment: Ronald Reagan's First Victory and the Decisive Turning Point in American Politics
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004). On welfare politics in this era, see Michael Katz,
In the Shadow of the Poorhouse: A Social History of Welfare in America
(New York: Basic Books, 1986).

2
. For “most often collides …,” see “Secretary of Collision,” editorial,
New York Times
, October 3, 1985, A26; See Robert C. Smith, “The Ascendancy of Ronald Reagan and the Parts Played by Ideology and Race,” and “The Reagan Presidency and Race,” in
Conservatism and Racism: And Why in America They Are the Same
(Albany: SUNY Press, 2010). See also Dan Carter,
From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich: Race in the Conservative Counterrevolution, 1963–1994
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1996).

3
. For “weed[ing] out ineligible …,” see Memo, July 9, 1981 from John Svahn to Richard Kusserow, entry UD-07W entry 1, Office of the Commissioner, Executive Secretariat, correspondence files, 1981, FRC box 2 of 1, National Archives and Records Administration, Social Security Archives, RG 47; for Peter Ferrara comments, see “Collection: Anderson, Martin Files,” CFOA 89, box 5, folder 16 of 20, Office of Policy Development, Ronald Reagan Library. See also Peter Ferrara,
Critical Issues: Social Security Reform
(Washington, D.C.: Heritage Foundation: 1982).

4
. See for example, box OA7423: Hemmel, Eric: Files—Policy Development—box 2, folder: social security background (1), April 10, 1981, memo—regarding Peter Ferrara's proposals for social security reform.

5
. For HHS roll reduction statistics, see Marian Oseterweis, Arthur Kleinman, and David Mechanic, eds.,
Pain and Disability: Clinical, Behavioral, and Public Policy Perspectives
(Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1987), 30; for “they cut my social security …,” see Margaret Engel, “U.S. Gets Tough with Disabled,
Washington Post
, September 7, 1982, A1; for volume of pain and disability litigation, see David Lauter, “Disability-Benefit Cases Flood Courts,”
National Law Journal
(October 17, 1983): 1.

The legal literature produced in the wake of the Reagan-era disability and pain policy shifts is expansive. See for example, George R. Zaiser, “Proving Disabling Pain in Social Security Disability Proceedings: The Social Security Administration and the Third Circuit Court of Appeals,”
Duquesne Law Review
22 (1983–1984): 491–520; Margaret Rodgers, “Subjective Pain Testimony in Disability Determination Proceedings: Can Pain Alone Be Disabling?”
California Western Law Review
28 (1991–1992): 173–211; Jon Dubin, “Poverty, Pain, and Precedent: The Fifth Circuit's Social Security Jurisprudence,”
St. Mary's Law Journal
81 (1993–1994): 81–141.

6
. Charles R. Morris, “Why Liberal Programs Have Failed,”
Los Angeles Times
, September 30, 1984, D1.

7
. Laura Kalman,
Right Star Rising: A New Politics, 1974–1980
(New York: Norton, 2011).

8
. “Secretary of Collision.”

9
. For rise in disability payments, see “Don't Disable Social Security,”
New York Times
, July 19, 1979, A18; for number of disability awards, see Office of Policy, Social Security Administration,
Trends in the Social Security and Supplemental Security Income Disability Programs
,
www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/chart books/disability_trends/sect04.html
; for Califano's focus on fraud, see “HEW Revamping Ordered,”
Baltimore Sun
, March 9, 1977, A1. Califano predicted that “the savings for U.S. taxpayers related to these reorganization initiatives, especially those involving efforts to eradicate errors, fraud, and abuse, will be at least $1 billion over the next two years and will reach a total of at least $2 billion annually by 1981.” For “so wary of offending …,” see “Don't Disable Social Security,”
New York Times
, July 19, 1979, A18. As many scholars have noted, the new field of law and economics became allied with conservatism in launching such critiques. See, for example, Steven Teles,
The Rise of the Conservative Legal Movement: The Battle for Control of the Law
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).