Pillar of Fire (121 page)

COFO headquarters within thirty minutes: Holt,
The Summer
, p. 193; Mary King,
Freedom Song
, p. 387.

“The car has been found”: Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, p. 21.

Johnson conferred: PDD, 6:33
P.M.
until 9:21
P.M.
, June 23, 1964; Burke Marshall Oral History, Oct. 28, 1968, LBJ; int. Burke Marshall, Sept. 26, 1984; int. John Doar, May 12, 1986; int. Nicholas Katzenbach, June 14, 1991; Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 327.

“We got the ox in a ditch”: LBJ phone call with Allen Dulles, 7:05
P.M.
, June 23, 1964, Cit. 3868, Audiotape WH6406.15, LBJ.

Robert Kennedy postponed: NYT, June 25, 1964, p. 1.

eliciting cries of amazement: Aaron Henry Oral History, Sept. 12, 1970, LBJ.

other federal buildings: Mary King,
Freedom Song
, p. 388.

“I have arrived safely”: Prosecutive summary of Dec. 19, 1964, FMB-1613, p. 7.

Spike successfully implored: Ibid., p. 389; int. Robert P. Moses by Joseph Sinsheimer, Dec. 5, 1984.

Moses took a delegation: Stephan Bingham, “Mississippi Letter” of Feb. 15, 1965, p. 5, b32f367, Lowenstein Papers, UNC.

parried criticism: Int. Robert P. Moses, July 30, 1984.

“It is a dreadful thing to say”: WP, June 29, 1964, cited in Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 350.

caravan of movement cars: NYT, June 25, 1964, p. 1.

unproductive interview: Farmer,
Lay Bare the Heart
, pp. 272-76.

dramatic arrival of Allen Dulles: NYT, June 25, 1964, p. 1.

“Why can't the FBI”: Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 352.

At the Meridian airport: O'Reilly,
Racial Matters
, p. 165.

“Send him down there, too!”: Int. Joseph Sullivan, Feb. 3, 1991; Whitehead,
Attack on Terror
, p. 75.

“take over the investigation”: LBJ phone call with J. Edgar Hoover, 5:30
P.M.
, June 24, 1964, Cit. 3891, Audiotape WH6406.16, LBJ.

“in the very able hands”: NYT, June 25, 1964, p. 18.

He received the private entreaties: NYT, June 26, 1964, pp. 1, 15.

briefings on Communist infiltration: Erle Johnson, Jr., to Gov. Paul Johnson, June 26, 1964, MSSC.

most reliably in Alabama: Memo on information “Received at 4:05
P.M.
, June 25, 1964,” from Colonel Lingo, Alabama State Police, MSSC.

reverse conspiracy: Reports by Sovereignty Commission investigator A. L. Hopkins dated June 29 and July 3, 1964, MSSC.

“the manipulations of a soulless state”:
Meridian Star
, June 26, 1964, p. 1, cited in Huie,
Three Lives
, pp. 128-29.

Rustin met with: Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, p. 26.

“Then it happened”: McAdam,
Freedom Summer
, p. 71.

baths in backyard tubs: Sutherland,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 42.

“you feel the heat”: Ibid., p. 39.

Ron Ridenhour turned up: NYT, June 25, 1964, p. 19, June 26, 1964, p. 14.

armed posse hijacked two volunteers: NYT, June 27, 1964, p. 10.

movement supporters flocked to Itta Bena: William Hodes letter to “folks,” “evening” of June 25, 1964, William Hodes Files, SHSW.

far north as St. Louis: Int. William McGee, June 25, 1992.

mayor of Hollandale: Affidavit of Stokely Carmichael regarding events after 5:30
P.M.
, June 25, 1964, A/MFDP2f4.

Carmichael and Cobb continued: Affidavit of Stokely Carmichael regarding events after 10:30
P.M.
, June 25, 1964, A/MFDP2f4; affidavit of Charles Cobb regarding events after 10:30
P.M.
, June 25, 1964, A/MFDP2f4.

Cobb found himself pleading: Int. Charles Cobb, Aug. 20, 1991.

carefully prepared script: Int. Burke Marshall, Sept. 26, 1984; int. Nicholas Katzenbach, June 14, 1991.

sympathized with Hoover's complaint: Hoover memorandum of 1:15
P.M.
, June 26, 1964, regarding telephone call from Dulles and LBJ, FNCC-NR; Brennan to Sullivan re “Allen W. Dulles,” June 29, 1964, FNCC-NR; “Briefing by Mr. Allen W. Dulles re His Trip to Mississippi for the President,” June 26, 1964, Ex HU 2/ST 24, LBJ.

“ought to review the number of agents”: LBJ phone call with Allen Dulles and J. Edgar Hoover, 1:17
P.M.
, June 26, 1964, Cit. 3921, Audiotape WH6406.17, LBJ.

FBI agents had arrested: NYT, June 27, 1964, p. 10.

“You dig it”: William Hodes letter to “folks,” June 26, 1964, William Hodes Files, SHSW.

“that horror-ridden state”: NYT, June 27, 1964, p. 24.

So did John Doar: Int. John Doar, May 12, 1986.

Doar was hearing: Ibid.

“The kids are dead.”: Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, pp. 32-33.

He nearly begged: Sutherland,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 31.

fn “We are fully committed”: Moses statement, June 27, 1964, A/SN54f8.

untrained sympathizers stay out: Mary King,
Freedom Song
, p. 395.

rolled south from Ohio: Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 353.

drag a fifty-mile stretch: NYT, June 28, 1964, p. 1.

27: B
EACHHEADS

“Tell him I've sent eight helicopters”: PDD, 12:24
P.M.
, June 25, 1964.

chronic Turkish-Greek violence: Ibid. NYT, June 26, 1964, p. 1;
Newsweek
, June 29, 1964, p. 28.

rescued John Herbers: NYT, June 23, 1964, p. 15.

Herbers moved on to Mississippi: NYT, June 26, 1964, p. 14.

Danish photographer; NYT, June 23, 1964, p. 15.

UPI reporter told FBI: Jacksonville LHM dated June 26, 1964, FSA-NR, pp. 1-2.

quartet of Boston University professors: Int. Harold DeWolf, May 9-10, 1983; int. Paul Deats, Aug. 1, 1984; int. Paul Deats by Larry Elswit, Jan. 13, 1993; Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, pp. 334-35. Aside from Neil Richardson, DeWolf's colleagues were Paul Deats, professor of Christian social ethics, and Albert Beisel, professor of constitutional law.

six concrete blocks: Hartley, “A Long, Hot Summer,” p. 65, in Garrow, ed.,
St. Augustine
.

withdrawal on Thursday morning left DeWolf: Int. Harold DeWolf, May 9-10, 1983; int. Paul Deats, Aug. 1, 1984.

second wade-in of the day: NYT, June 26, 1964, p. 1; Fred Shuttlesworth Oral History, Nov. 19, 1969, A/OH.

Rev. Elizabeth Miller: “Report on St. Augustine, Florida,” by Rev. Elizabeth J. Miller, A/KP20f43; PC, July 11, 1964, p. 2.

fn “I felt that we could not”: PC, July 4, 1964, p. 3.

Walter Hampshire of New Jersey:
Newsweek
, July 6, 1964, p. 16.

bleeding white fighter triggered: Colburn,
Racial Change
, p. 107.

“They didn't beat the niggers!”: NYT, June 26, 1964, p. 14.

“blows struck by”: Jacksonville LHM dated June 26, 1964, FSA-NR, p. 3.

five hundred segregationists rallied: Colburn,
Racial Change
, pp. 1-12. The FBI estimated four hundred in ibid.;
Newsweek
and the
New York Times
estimated eight hundred.

DeWolf was startled: Int. Harold DeWolf, May 10, 1983.

“bigger than the FBI”: Jacksonville LHM dated June 22, 1964, FSA-1452, p. 5.

vest made from a Confederate flag: CDD (Gary edition), July 6, 1964, p. 1.

he worked the crowd: WMBR-Jacksonville,
St. Augustine, Florida
, Tape No. 64005, NWR, PEA; Larry Goodwin, “Anarchy in St. Augustine,”
Harper's
magazine, Jan. 1965, p. 79; Colburn,
Racial Change
, p. 8.

“There they come!”: Int. Harold DeWolf, May 10, 1983.

Shuttlesworth's nightly march: Hartley, “A Long, Hot Summer,” pp. 67-68, in Garrow, ed.,
St. Augustine
; Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, pp. 334-35.

a pause: Colburn,
Racial Change
, p. 9.

“A number of Negro women”: NYT, June 26, 1964, pp. 1, 14.

Frady was trampled: Ibid.;
Newsweek
, July 6, 1964, p. 16.

headlong into a parking meter: Fred Shuttlesworth Oral History, Nov. 19, 1969, A/OH.

Davis later conceded in court: PC, July 11, 1964, p. 2.

“seemed primarily interested”: Jacksonville LHM dated June 26, 1964, FSA-NR, pp. 3-4.

Miller learned to recognize: “Report on St. Augustine, Florida,” by Rev. Elizabeth J. Miller, A/KP20f43, p. 6.

“This is the worst night”: NY LHM dated June 26, 1964, FSA-NR.

call the Goodman parents: Levison wiretap log of June 27, 1964, FLNY-9-577a.

encouraging Marshall to push: MLK to Marshall, June 24, 1964, A/KP24f22.

“a total absence of hand-clapping”: Tobias Simon to Honorable Bryan Simpson, June 29, 1964, Simpson Papers, UF.

out-of-town truce talks: Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, pp. 335-36; int. Harold DeWolf, May 9-10, 1983.

Simpson wedged himself tightly: NYT, June 27, 1964, p. 1; PC, July 11, 1964, p. 2.

dared Judge Simpson: Farris Bryant Oral History, March 5, 1971, pp. 31-32, LBJ.

“You have to be”: FBI wiretap transcript of June 28, 1964, FMXNY-1-26, pp. 4-5.

filled the Harlem Armory: NYT, June 29, 1964, p. 1.

“if he is the leader”: Goldman,
Death and Life
, p. 202.

“a lot of those fishes and freaks”: Elijah Muhammad wiretap transcript of June 29, 1964, FMXNY-4843, p. 2.

Jones commended Malcolm's statement: New York LHM dated July 1, 1964, FMXNY-4669.

“7:08
P.M.
Jones left”: “Physical surveillance of Clarence B. Jones on 6/29/64” (two pages), FJNY-NR.

only ninety members: New York LHM dated July 2, 1964, FMXNY-4675.

“We will creep into Florida”:
Jet
, July 16, 1964, pp. 18-19.

“If the federal government”: SAC, New York, to Director, June 30, 1964, FMXNY-1-28; Malcolm X telegram to MLK, June 30, 1964, A/KP15f16.

Muhammad laughed when: Elijah Muhammad wiretap transcript of July 1, 1964, FMXNY-4843, pp. 3-4.

“He is dying a little”: Elijah Muhammad wiretap transcript of June 29, 1964, FMXNY-4843, p. 3.

Bryant devised a blustering gambit: Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, p. 337; Colburn,
Racial Change
, p. 109; Abernathy,
Walls Came Tumbling
, p. 293.

Lynch was rallying segregationists: Jacksonville to Director, July 1, 1964, FSA-1476.

fresh criminal charges: Ibid.

hastily composed statement: King handwritten statement nd (June 30, 1964), A/KS.

“If things go as they are expected”: WMBR-Jacksonville,
St. Augustine, Florida
, Tape No. 64005, NWR, PEA.

Outside influences have created: Bishop West to Rev. Seymour, July 1, 1964, SAHS.

“people will think”: Colburn,
Racial Change
, pp. 170-72.

“Either that or be converted”: Notes of Trinity Parish Church vestry meeting, July 1, 1964, 4:30
P.M.
, Colburn Papers, UF.

transfer out of Florida: Colburn,
Racial Change
, p. 172.

“If they [Mississippi authorities] encourage”: Katzenbach to LBJ, with cover notes to Lee White and George Reedy, July 1, 1964, Ex HU, Box 26, LBJ.

“Dear Lyndon”: Aubrey Williams to LBJ, July 1, 1964, WHCF, Name File, LBJ.

“the correct one”: LBJ to Aubrey Williams, July 14, 1964, Ex CO1/Southeast Asia, LBJ.

“poor ol' Herb Wolfe”: LBJ phone call with George Smathers, July 1, 1964, Cit. 4106, Audiotape WH6407.01, LBJ.

gruff, savvy chain-smoker: Int. Victoria Murphy, Aug. 17, 1993.

pick up an early draft: PDD, July 1, 1964.