Pillar of Fire (122 page)

filed paternity suits: Perry,
Malcolm
, pp. 305-8.

“Things are pretty hot”: Goldman,
Death and Life
, pp. 203-4.

“merely another effort on the part”: Domestic Intelligence Division unsigned cover note to teletype dated July 4, 1964, FMX-126.

“she didn't want to hear”: Wiretap summary of July 6, 1964, conversation in SAC, Chicago, to SAC, Buffalo, FMXNY-4845, pp. 1-2.

“she feels that they don't”: Report of July 7, 1964, wiretap conversation in SAC, New York, to Director, July 8, 1964, FMXNY-4696.

members to get him: Chicago LHM dated July 10, 1964, FMXNY-4710, p. 6; SAC, New York, to Director, July 7, 1964, FMX-133; Malcolm X wiretap transcript of 2:03
A.M.
, July 5, 1964, FMXNY-1-33.

Sharrieff testified in open court: CDD, July 6, 1964, pp. 1, 8; CDD, July 9, 1964, p. 3.

“Uncle Wallace told me”: CDD, July 8, 1964, p. 12.

rushed to the police and FBI: Statement of Hassan Sharrieff at 3rd District police station, dated June 23, 1964, plus two memos dated July 8, 1964, “Muslims—Chicago Branch,” RS File No. 589, CHS; SAC, Chicago, to Director, July 10, 1964, FMXNY-4711; Chicago LHM dated July 10, 1964, FMXNY-4710; SAC, Chicago, to Director, July 23, 1964, FMXNY-4766, pp. 7-8.

“I know they are fanatics”: CDD, July 8, 1964, p. 3.

“Often I would imagine”: “In the Name of Allah, God, the Originator,” manifesto by Wallace D. Muhammad, July 1964, from files of Gladys Towles Root, courtesy of Bruce Perry.

guided the Sinatra family: Perry,
Malcolm
, p. 306.

wide black sombrero: CD, July 14, 1964, p. 5.

“DENY PATERNITY SUITS”: CDD, July 6, 1964, p. 1.

“False Charges Filed”:
Chicago New Crusader
, July 11, 1964, p. 5.

“Negro Prostitutes Accuse”:
Los Angeles Herald-Dispatch
, July 11, 1964, p. 1.

“injected with medicines”:
Los Angeles Herald-Dispatch
, July 16, 1964, p. 3.

flew to Egypt: New York report dated Jan. 20, 1965, FMX-215, pp. 102-3.

majority of his remaining days: Karim,
Remembering Malcolm
, pp. 176-77.

“Malcolm X Flees”: PC, July 11, 1964, p. 1.

“Malcolm X Flys to African Parley”:
New York World Telegram
, July 10, 1964.

“said he intended”: NYT, July 14, 1964.

“After a while in America”: Malcolm X,
The Autobiography
, p. 370.

28. T
ESTING
F
REEDOM

swore in General Maxwell Taylor: NYT, July 3, 1964, p. 1.

“In a few minutes”: Whalen and Whalen,
The Longest Debate
, p. 225.

“we are past the danger point”: PDD, July 2, 1964.

lemon cake at a seventeenth-birthday: Johnson,
White House Diary
, p. 173.

“One hundred and eighty-eight”: PPP, July 2, 1964, pp. 842-44.

seventy-two ceremonial pens: Whalen and Whalen,
The Longest Debate
, p. 227.

curtail street demonstrations: Lee White, “Memorandum to the Files,” July 6, 1964, Ex LE/HU2, LBJ.

filed suit within the hour:
Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States
, 379 U.S. 241 (1964); Graham,
Civil Rights Era
, p. 170.

fn “The photographs of Lester Maddox”: Maddox,
Speaking Out
, p. 57.

“As long as it is there”: Stern,
Calculating Visions
, p. 185.

rescued Hollywood actor Jack Palance:
Newsweek
, July 20, 1964, p. 32; AC, Aug. 7, 1994, p. M4.

“could cause a great deal”: WLBT news film 2730/F1730, MDAH.

“Guess
she
will never”: William Hodes to “Folks,” July 3, 1964, William Hodes Files, SHSW.

Moses clung to movement policy: Sutherland,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 62; int. Dorothy Zellner, Dec. 12, 1991.

Word reached Greenwood: “Grats to the St. Augustine businessmen, if they really do what they say they will.” William Hodes to “Folks,” July 3, 1964, William Hodes Files, SHSW.

Rev. Samuel Wells blessed: Int. Rev. Samuel B. Wells, July 9, 1985.

blue-ribbon NAACP delegation: July 6, 1964, p. 1, July 7, 1964, p. 20, July 8, 1964, p. 19; Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 276.

fn Robert E. Lee Hotel: Report of A. L. Hopkins, Investigator, July 9, 1964, MSSC; NYT, July 9, 1964, p. 16; Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 379.

SCLC conference in Birmingham: Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, p. 339; King statement of July 16, 1964, A/KS.

“White folks act like”: Young to Septima Clark, July 9, 1964, A/SC154f4.

“I don't worry about a gun”: Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, p. 72.

nearly wept to hear himself: Holt,
The Summer
, p. 45.

no Negro in Greenwood would dare: William Hodes to “Folks,” July 4, 1964, William Hodes Files, SHSW.

Silas McGhee: Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, pp. 130-31; von Hoffman,
Mississippi Notebook
, pp. 106-8; Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 276; Payne,
Light of Freedom
, p. 210.

“Well, you wasn't nowhere”: Int. Silas McGhee, June 26, 1992.

Lewis moved eastward to Selma: Garrow,
Protest at Selma
, p. 34; Jerry DeMuth, “Black Belt, Alabama,”
The Commonweal
, Aug. 7, 1964, pp. 536-39.

“Would appreciate any mail”: Mary Varela to Andrew Young, Jan. 24, 1964, and Andrew Young to Mary Varela, Jan. 30, 1964, A/SC134f8. Varela, who recruited six Northern students for a Selma Literacy Project, expressed similar apprehensions in a letter to James Forman of SNCC: “The post office as you know is the intelligence center (in addition to the phone company) for the posse etc. I was doing all right until someone slipped up and sent me a check from the office in a letterhead envelope.” Varela to Forman, March 11, 1964, A/SN23f3.

introduced himself: Remarks of Silas Norman at Session No. 6 of the Trinity College SNCC Reunion, April 14-16, 1988, pp. 2-12, transcript courtesy of Jack Chatfield.

“There's niggers in the Wilby!”: Chestnut,
Black in Selma
, p. 174.

deputies invaded behind tear gas: Jerry DeMuth, “Black Belt, Alabama,”
The Commonweal
, Aug. 7, 1964, p. 537; NYT, July 6, 1964, p. 19.

Lewis led seventy aspiring voters: NYT, July 7, 1964, p. 20.

“The Negroes were marched”: Ibid.

Hare issued an injunction:
Selma Times-Journal
, July 10, 1964, p. 1; Chestnut,
Black in Selma
, pp. 172-78.

“New Law Hoax, Fraud”:
Selma Times-Journal
, July 5, 1964, p. 1.

“liberalism is destroying democracy”:
Selma Times-Journal
, July 10, 1964, p. 1.

Harold DeWolf wrote Martin: DeWolf to “Martin and Coretta,” July 3, 1964, A/KP8f24; Robert Dyal to Bill Moyers, July 29, 1964, WH Name File, Box 144, LBJ.

Klan marched on the night of July 4: Colburn,
Racial Change
, p. 111.

fishing off a bridge: NYT, July 6, 1964, p. 19.

Brock kept his word: Jacksonville FBI report dated July 24, 1964, FSA-NR, pp. 7-8.

“claiming that they were afraid”: Lee White to LBJ, July 15, 1964, HU2/ST9, LG/St. Augustine, LBJ.

4th of July picnic: Int. Ellen Dahmer, Vernon Dahmer, Jr., et al., June 21, 1992; int. Lorne Cress-Love, June 25, 1994; int. Stanley Zibulsky, June 26, 1994.

Hattiesburg's Freedom Schools: Sandy Leigh to Bob Moses, “Report from Hattiesburg,” July 8-14, 1964, A/SN98f24; Sutherland,
Letters from Mississippi
, pp. 90-117; Holt,
The Summer
, pp. 97-128; Rothschild,
Black and White
, pp. 93-121; Dittmer,
Local People
, pp. 257-61.

eight to eighty-two: Terri Shaw memo, “Re: Hattiesburg Project,” July 7, 1964, A/SN98f24, p. 3.

how to teach movement history: Sutherland,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 93.

teachers abandoned lectures: Int. Richard Kelly, June 25, 1994; int. Lorne Cress-Love, June 25, 1994; int. Stanley Zibulsky, June 26, 1994.

In Moss Point: Int. Lawrence Guyot, Feb. 1, 1991.

Stallworth fell wounded: Sutherland,
Letters from Mississippi
, pp. 119-21.

fn “sharing their terror with them”: NYT, July 6, 1964, p. 19.

night riders bombed the group:
Los Angeles Herald-Dispatch
, July 25, 1964, p. 1; Harris,
Dreams Die
Hard
, pp. 60-63; Dittmer,
Local People
, pp. 266-68; Mary King,
Freedom Song
, p. 418; Payne,
Light of Freedom
, p. 223; int. Rev. Harry Bowie by Jack Bass and Walter De Vrie, March 31, 1974, Series A-98, Collection 4007, pp. 3-4, UNC.

arrested Rev. Robert Beech: Holt,
The Summer
, p. 214.

supervised the pilgrim clergy: Int. Robert Beech, Dec. 8, 1991; Holt,
The Summer
, p. 86.

Arthur Lelyveld: NYT, July 11, 1964, p. 22, July 13, 1964, p. 13; Sutherland,
Letters from Mississippi
, pp. 122-26; U.S. Commission on Civil Rights,
Law Enforcement
, p. 53. The injured summer volunteers were Lawrence Spears and David Owen, both of California.

drew suspended sentences: Tucker,
Mississippi from Within
, p. 110.

Freedom School with thirty-five students: Holt,
The Summer
, p. 217.

destruction of Mount Zion: Mount Zion Hill Baptist was burned July 17, 1964, Mount Vernon Missionary Baptist on July 22, and Rose Hill Baptist on July 24. Ibid. Also “Mississippi Bombings, Burnings Since June 16,” A/SN36f6.

“75 students on the lawn”: Sutherland,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 104.

visiting white minister [Rev. Don McCord]: Von Hoffman,
Mississippi Notebook
, p. 71.

Malva and “Red” Heffner: Ibid., pp. 64-78; Good,
Trouble I've Seen
, p. 144; Harris,
Dreams Die Hard
, pp. 63-64; Mary King,
Freedom Song
, pp. 423-24; Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 305.

poisoned Falstaff, their dachshund: Von Hoffman,
Mississippi Notebook
, p. 78.

“When I'd go downtown”:
Meridian Star
, Sept. 6, 1964, p. 1; Tucker,
Mississippi from Within
, pp. 122-23.

“I said, ‘That's right'”: Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, p. 142.

Greenwood's fourth Freedom Day: Ibid., pp. 142-70; Sutherland,
Letters from Mississippi
, pp. 174-76; Holt,
The Summer
, p. 217.

Silas McGhee watched: Int. Silas McGhee, June 26, 1992.

abduct him at gunpoint: Ibid.; U.S. Commission on Civil Rights,
Law Enforcement
, p. 44; Payne,
Light of Freedom
, pp. 211-12.

“James Bevel, the wonderful”: William Hodes to “Folks,” July 17, 1964, William Hodes Files, SHSW.

King returned to St. Augustine: Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, pp. 340-41.

“The businessmen said before”: King statement of July 16, 1964, A/KS.

surrounded Twine's car: “Racial and Civil Disorders in St. Augustine,” Report of the Florida Legislative Investigation Committee, Feb. 1965, p. 46, in Garrow, ed.,
St. Augustine
.

Twine crooked his elbow: Int. Katherine and Henry Twine, April 2, 1991.

fn “That ain't no trash out there”: Ibid.

luxury integration: Ibid.

fn Galimore died: NYT, July 27, 1964, p. 1.

owner James Brock: Colburn,
Racial Change
, pp. 111-12; Jacksonville FBI report on James Brock dated July 24, 1964, FSA-NR, pp. 1-13.