Regenesis (48 page)

International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN),
9

isomer (stereoisomer),
19
,
20
,
27
.
See also
chirality

Ivins, Bruce,
231

Jacobson, Joseph,
170–171
,
255

Jankowski, Rich,
92

jatropha oil,
91–92

J. Craig Venter Institute,
46–48
,
66
,
74
,
163
,
177

Jenner, Edward,
85

Jeon, K. W.,
51

Joule Unlimited,
104–106

Joyce, James,
177

Kagan, H. P.,
28

Kaul, Samir,
171

Keasling, Jay,
102
,
160
,
163
,
171
,
255

Kelly, Kevin,
239–240
,
257

Khorana, Har Gobind,
174

Kim, Sung-Hou,
65
,
255

King, Thomas J.,
134–135

Kinki University,
145

Knight, Tom,
163
,
183–190
,
237
,
255

Knome,
215

Kosuri, Sri,
174
,
255

Kurzweil, Ray,
242–250

Lamarckian evolution,
86–89

Langer, Robert,
163

Lavoisier, Antoine,
17

Law of Accelerating Returns,
242

Leeuwenhoek, Anton von,
39

Leibler, Stan,
187–188

Leningrad Institute of Cytology,
137

life (What is life?),
55–59

as continuous, scalable, and measurable,
56

life from nonlife,
18

rise of life on earth,
60

Lipman, David,
169

lipid molecules,
41

Livly lab,
234

Logan, Bruce,
4–5

Lonberg, Nils,
118–119

Lorch, I. J.,
51

LS9,
99
,
103–104

Luddites,
223
,
241

lymphocyte,
112

Lysenko, Trofim,
86–87

Lysenkoism,
86–87

Machinery of Life, The
(Goodsell),
44

macrophages,
112

Magalhaes, Pedro,
84–85

MAGE (multiplex automated genome engineering),
11
,
76–79
,
123
,
147
,
162

Malthus, Thomas,
221

mammalian immune system,
59
,
110
,
216
,
233
,
234
,
245
,
250

Marine Corps Times
,
94

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),
184

mazelike layout of,
193

Radiation Laboratory at,
192

“Mathematical Theory of Communication, A” (Shannon),
210

Matthaei, Heinrich,
65

Matthews, Hunter,
179
,
199

maximal genome,
66

maximal genomic diversity,
59

Maxwell, James Clerk,
192

Maxwell's equations,
192–193

Medarex,
118

medicine,
203

development of,
203–205

genome therapy,
217

traditional as operating by “one-size-fits-all” approach,
208

to be supplanted by personalized genomic medicine,
209–210

Meselson, Matthew,
130

Metabolix,
1–2

microbial fuel cell (MFC),
5

microbes

as machines,
181

mutant,
225

paranoia about,
226

Mikhelson, Viktor,
137

Miller, Webb,
148

minimal bacterium,
47

minimal cell,
50

minigenome,
66
,
68

minimal genome,
51

Minsky, Marvin,
184

Mirel,
1–2

mirror amino acids,
63

mirror cells,
128

mirror humans,
25–26
,
55

risks of creating,
26

mirror life,
25–29
,
55
,
236

disadvantages of,
25

superimmunity of,
25

mirror molecules,
20

mirror monomers,
62

chemical predictability of,
62–63

mirror proteins,
65

mirror world,
59
,
61

Modrich, Paul,
171

molecular technologies and the life science industry,
158–160

Mollicutes
,
184

monoclonal antibodies (mAbs),
117

Mohawk Industries,
3–4

monomer,
21

Moore's Law,
209
,
209n

Morgan, David,
91

Morowitz, Harold,
184

Mueller, Herman Joseph,
206–207

multicellularity,
78

advantages of,
78–79

disadvantage of,
81

multiplex automated genome engineering.
See
MAGE

multivirus resistance,
8–9
,
119–121
,
217

Mycoplasma genitalium
,
47–48

gene reduction of,
47

genome synthesis of,
47–48

“My Genome, Myself” (Pinker),
213–214

Nagel, Thomas,
39

naked mole rat,
82–85

cancer resistance of,
83

longevity of,
83

nanobiotechnology,
12

nanopore sequencing,
168
,
175
,
271

nanotech assembler,
54

narcolepsy,
212–213
,
248

Napoleon,
122

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI),
84
,
168

Neanderthal man,
137–140
,
151

genome of,
139

reverse-engineering of,
146–147

FOXP2 gene of,
139

MC1R gene of,
139

possible resurrection of,
10–11

reasons for resurrecting,
140

Neolithic era,
151
,
217

Newcomen, Thomas,
183

Newton, Isaac,
229

NIH (National Institutes of Health),
165–169
,
255
,
269
.
See also
NHGRI

Nirenberg, Marshall,
65

northern leopard frog,
134

nonstandard amino acids
(NSAAs)
,
68

nuclear transfer cloning,
9–10
,
134–135

interspecies,
11

oligonucleotides (“oligos”),
34
,
80
,
146–147
,
158
,
164
,
174
,
197
,
232
,
235
,
270

“On a Uniform System of Screw Threads” (Sellers),
183

ontogeny,
12

organic compounds,
19

halo effect surrounding,
32

Ostell, Jim,
169

overpopulation,
86
,
221–223

“Ozymandias” (Shelley),
178

Pääbo, Svante,
139
,
146

Paleocene epoch,
110

panspermia,
252

Parable of the Locks,
121–122

passenger pigeon,
10
,
133

Pasteur, Louis,
26–27

antivitalism of,
27

PCR (polymerase chain reaction),
74
,
163
,
174
,
197
,
270

Pennsylvania State University,
4
,
148

Peoples, Oliver,
1–2

Perkowitz, Sidney,
7

Personal Genome Project (PGP),
205

Angrist, Misha, (PGP-4),
213
,
214

Dyson, Esther (PGP-3),
213

as Facebook of DNA,
210

original goal of,
211

Pinker, Stephen (PGP-6),
213–214

privacy issues,
211–212

personalized genomic medicine,
209–210

reasons for developing,
209–210

petroleum, origin of,
95–97

abiogenic theory,
96–97

biogenic theory,
96–97

Petroleum Weekly
,
94

pets, increasing the longevity of,
85

phenylalanine (F),
65

phiX virus, synthetic,
75

photosynthesis,
100–101

phylogeny,
12

plasmids,
44

Pleistocene epoch,
136–137

Pleistocene Park,
148–150

polio virus, synthetic,
75

Polonator (DNA sequencing),
168

polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB),
1–2

environmental advantages of,
2

polymers (biopolymers),
21
,
29
,
40

polyaminoacids,
40

polyesters,
40

polyketide polymer,
40
,
69

polynucleotides,
40

polypeptides,
21
,
40
,
269

polypyrroles,
40

polysaccharides,
40

polyterpenes,
40

Polytechnic University of Valencia (Spain),
194

population density,
249
,
252

Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, A
(Joyce),
177–178
,
257

Prey
(Crichton),
226

Price, Jill,
228–229

Princeton University,
190

Prohibition,
239

“Promise and Perils of Synthetic Biology, The,” (Tucker and Zilinskas),
236

propanediol (PDO),
3

proteins,
29
,
41

protozoa,
51

Pyrenean ibex,
9–10
,
133–136

resurrection of,
9–10
,
133–136

rabies,
110

racemic compounds,
27

recalcitrant dissolved organic matter (RDOM),
22

recombinant DNA
35
,
44
,
159
,
163

recombination (homologous, targeted)
71
,
89
,
163
,
175
,
248

regeneration (“regenesis”),
135
,
141–142
,
145
,
148
,
245

Registry of Standard Biological Parts,
180
,
186

replexity (replicated complexity),
56