Rome's Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric (Key Conflicts of Classical Antiquity) (31 page)

[108]
Ammianus,
RG
31.3.1.

[109]
Ammianus,
RG
29.1.11.

[110]
N. Lenski,
Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century
A.D
. (Berkeley, 2002).

[111]
Ammianus,
RG
26.10.3; 27.5.1–2; Eunapius, frag. 37 (Blockley) = 37 (Müller).

[112]
Zosimus,
HN
4.10–11.

[113]
Valentia:
Codex Theodosianus
8.5.49; 11.1.22; 12.1.113. Gratiana: Procopius,
Aed
. 4.11.20 (Haury, 149). Valentiniana:
Notitia Dignitatum
, Or. 39.27.

[114]
Coins:
RIC
9: 219 (Constantinople 40). Inscription: CIL 3.7494 =
ILS
770. More generally, Themistius,
Or
. 10.136a–b.

[115]
Ammianus,
RG
27.5.6.

[116]
Themistius,
Or
. 10.133a; Ammianus,
RG
27.5.7.

[117]
Ammianus,
RG
27.5.8–9; 31.4.13; Themistius,
Or
. 10.134a.

[118]
Ammianus,
RG
27.5.10; Themistius,
Or
. 10.135c–d; Zosimus,
HN
4.11.

[119]
Themistius,
Or
. 10.135a.

[120]
Socrates,
HE
4.33–34, and following him Sozomen,
HE
6.37; Orosius,
Hist
. 7.33.19. See in general, N. Lenski, ‘The Gothic civil war and the date of the Gothic conversion’,
Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies
36 (1995): 51–87.

[121]
Basil,
Ep
. 154, 164, and 165, following the identification of C. Zuckermann, ‘Cappadocian fathers and the Goths’,
Travaux et Memoires
11 (1991): 473–86.

[122]
Text of the
Passio
in Hippolyte Delehaye, ‘Saints de Thrace et de Mésie’,
Analecta Bollandiana
31 (1912): 161–300 at 216–21, with the translation of Heather and Matthews,
Goths
, 111–17.

[123]
Jerome,
Chron
., s.a. 369 (ed. Helm, 249i).

[124]
Delehaye, ‘Saints’, 279. See also the translations at Heather and Matthews,
Goths
, 125–30.

[125]
Socrates,
HE
4.33–34; Delehaye, ‘Saints’, 276, but the manuscript tradition is faulty and the original name commemorated not entirely clear.

[126]
The whole of Ammianus’ Hun excursus comes in 31.2.

[127]
Zosimus,
HN
4.20.4.

[128]
See, e.g., Ammianus,
RG
31.4.2 where rumour is explicitly cited as the source for people’s knowledge of events in the
barbaricum
.

[129]
Ammianus,
RG
31.3.1–4.

[130]
Ammianus,
RG
31.3.5–8.

[131]
Ammianus,
RG
31.4.1–2.

[132]
Ammianus,
RG
31.4.1.

[133]
Socrates,
HE
4.33–34.

[134]
Basil,
Ep
. 237.

[135]
Themistius,
Or
. 10.

[136]
Ammianus,
RG
31.4.5–7. Hostages are implied at Eunapius, frag. 42 (Blockley) = 42 (Müller).

[137]
Attested by Zosimus,
HN
4.20.6; Eunapius, frag. 42 (Blockley) = 42 (Müller).

[138]
Ammianus,
RG
31.4.9; Orosius,
Hist
. 7.33.11.

[139]
Ammianus,
RG
31.4.11; Zosimus,
HN
4.20.6.

[140]
Ammianus,
RG
31.4.12–13.

[141]
Ammianus,
RG
31.5.3.

[142]
Ammianus,
RG
31.5.4–8.

[143]
See especially Ammianus,
RG
18.2.13; 21.3.4; 29.6.5; 30.1.18–22.

[144]
Ammianus,
RG
31.5.9–17.

[145]
Ammianus,
RG
31.6.1–3.

[146]
But see the account of them in Ammianus,
RG
31.6–11.

[147]
Ammianus,
RG
31.7.1.

[148]
Ammianus,
RG
31.7.3–5.

[149]
Ammianus,
RG
31.7.5–9.

[150]
Ammianus,
RG
31.9.1–5. For another example, see 28.5.15, on the Alamanni.

[151]
Ammianus,
RG
31.8.1–8; Zosimus,
HN
4.22; Socrates,
HE
4.38; Sozomen,
HE
6.39.2.

[152]
Codex Theodosianus
7.6.3 (9 August 377).

[153]
Basil,
Ep
. 268.

[154]
Ammianus,
RG
3.10.21.

[155]
Ammianus,
RG
31.10.1–20.

[156]
Socrates,
HE
4.38; Ammianus,
RG
31.11.1; Zosimus,
HN
4.21.

[157]
M. Speidel, ‘Sebastian’s strike force at Adrianople’,
Klio
78 (1996): 434–37.

[158]
Ammianus,
RG
31.11.1–5; Zosimus,
HN
4.21; Eunapius, frag. 44.4 (Blockley) = 47 (Müller); Theoderet,
HE
4.33.2 for Valens on Traianus.

[159]
Ammianus,
RG
31.12.3.

[160]
Ammianus,
RG
31.12.4.

[161]
Ammianus,
RG
31.12.4–7; Zosimus,
HN
4.23–24.

[162]
Ammianus,
RG
31.12.8–9.

[163]
Ammianus,
RG
31.12.10–15.

[164]
Ammianus,
RG
31.12.16.

[165]
Ammianus,
RG
31.12.16–31.13.11.

[166]
Ammianus,
RG
31.13.12–17; Zosimus,
HN
4.24.

[167]
Ammianus,
RG
31.13.18–19.

[168]
Themistius,
Or
. 16.206d.

[169]
Eunapius, frag. 39.9 (Blockley) = 38 (Müller).

[170]
Ammianus,
RG
31.16.8.

[171]
Zosimus,
HN
4.25–26. The date is established by the fact that Modares, a general of the new emperor Theodosius, had already won some victories in Thrace when the massacre in Asia Minor took place.

[172]
All earlier scholarly solutions are summarized in S. Elbern, ‘Das Gotenmassaker in Kleinasien (378 n. Chr.)’,
Hermes
115 (1987): 99–106.

[173]
Scythians repulsed from Euchaita in Helenopontus:
PG
46: 736–48, at 737A (
encomium
of St. Theodore, dated 17 February 380); young man shot by Scythians outside Comana Pontica:
PG
46: 416–32 at 424C (sermon on baptism, undated), on both of which see C. Zuckerman, ‘Cappadocian fathers and the Goths’,
Travaux et Memoires
11 (1991): 473–86.

[174]
Ammianus,
RG
31.10.1–20.

[175]
S. Williams and G. Friel,
Theodosius: The Empire at Bay
(London, 1994).

[176]
Ammianus,
RG
29.6.14–16.

[177]
Theoderet,
HE
5.5.

[178]
N. McLynn, ‘“
Genere Hispanus
”: Theodosius, Spain and Nicene orthodoxy’, in K. Bowes and M. Kulikowski, eds.,
Hispania in Late Antiquity: Current Approaches
(Leiden, 2005), 77–120.

[179]
Pan. Lat
. 2.10–11; Theoderet,
HE
5.5–6; Sozomen,
HE
7.2.1; Orosius,
Hist
. 7.34.2–5;
Epitome de Caesaribus
47–48.

[180]
The case for western help, though not accepted here, is best made in R. Malcolm Errington, ‘Theodosius and the Goths’,
Chiron
26 (1996): 1–27.

[181]
Units: some or all of
Notitia Dignitatum
, Or. 5.64–66; 6.33, 62, 64, 67; 7.47, 57; 8.27, 32; 9.41, 46 (= 6.64), 47; 28.20; 31.64; 38.18–19, 32–33. Laws:
Codex Theodosianus
7.13.8–11. Farmers: Libanius,
Or
. 24.16.

[182]
Zosimus,
HN
4.30.2; 4.31.2–4.

[183]
Evidence tabulated at M. McCormick,
Eternal Victory: Triumphal Rulership in Late Antiquity, Byzantium and the Early Medieval West
(Cambridge, 1986), 41–46.

[184]
P. Heather,
Goths and Romans, 332–489
(Oxford, 1991), 147–56, clarified the structural defect of Zosimus’ account for the first time.

[185]
Zosimus,
HN
4.25.2–4.

[186]
Themistius,
Or
. 14.181b.

[187]
Zosimus,
HN
4.31.2–4;
Codex Theodosianus
7.18.3–5.

[188]
Zosimus,
HN
4.33.1.

[189]
Zosimus,
HN
4.33.1–2.

[190]
Descriptio consulum
, s.a. 382 (Burgess, 241).

[191]
Themistius,
Or
. 16.

[192]
Synesius,
De regno
21 (Terzaghi, 50C); Themistius,
Or
. 16.209a–210a;
Pan. Lat
. 2.22.3, but the reference to military service at 2.32.4 need not necessarily refer to the agreement of 382.

[193]
Themistius,
Or
. 16.211a.

[194]
Synesius,
De regno
19 (Terzaghi, 43D).

[195]
Notitia Dignitatum
, Or. 5.61; 6.61.

[196]
Campaign against Maximus: Philostorgius,
HE
10.8; Zosimus,
HN
4.45.3;
Pan. Lat
. 2.32.3–4; against Eugenius, Orosius,
Hist
. 7.35.19.