Rome's Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric (Key Conflicts of Classical Antiquity) (32 page)

BOOK: Rome's Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric (Key Conflicts of Classical Antiquity)
5.42Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub
ads
Chapter Eight: Alaric and the Sack of Rome
 

[197]
R. Harhoiu,
Die frühe Völkerwanderungszeit in Rumänien
(Bucharest, 1997); M. Kazanski and R. Legoux, ‘Contribution à l’étude des témoignages archéologiques des Goths en Europe orientale à l’époque des Grandes Migrations: la chronologie de la culture de černjahov récente’,
Archéologie médiévale
18 (1988): 7–53.

[198]
Descriptio consulum
, s.a. 381 (Burgess, 241).

[199]
Zosimus,
HN
4.35.1; 4.38–39.

[200]
Eunapius, frag. 59 (Blockley) = 60 (Müller).

[201]
Gregory of Nazianzus,
Ep
. 136.

[202]
Eunapius, frag. 59 (Blockley) = 60 (Müller); Zosimus,
HN
4.56.2–3.

[203]
Zosimus,
HN
5.5.4; Claudian,
Get
. 166–248; 598–647; Synesius,
De regno
19–21. For Alaric’s Goths described as a
gens
: Claudian,
č cons. Hon
. 474;
Get
. 99, 134, 169, 533, 645–47.

[204]
Descriptio consulum
, s.a. 383 (Burgess, 241).

[205]
Zosimus,
HN
4.45.3.

[206]
Sozomen,
HE
7.25; Theodoret,
HE
5.18; Rufinus,
HE
11.18; Ambrose,
Ep
. 51.

[207]
ILS
2949.

[208]
Claudian,
Get
. 524–25;
č cons. Hon
. 104–108.

[209]
Jordanes,
Get
. 146.

[210]
Zosimus,
HN
4.50–51; Claudian,
Ruf
. 1.350–51.

[211]
Claudian,
Stil
. 1.94–115;
Ruf
. 1.314–22,
č cons. Hon
. 147–50.

[212]
Eunapius, frag. 58.2 (Blockley) = John of Antioch, frag. 187 (
FHG
4: 608–10).

[213]
Orosius,
Hist
. 7.35.19; Zosimus,
HN
4.58.2–3.

[214]
Zosimus, 4.58.6; Orosius,
Hist
. 7.35.19; Socrates,
HE
5.25.11–16; Sozomen,
HE
7.22–24; Rufinus,
HE
11.33; Philostorgius,
HE
11.2;
Epitome de Caesaribus
48.7.

[215]
Socrates,
HE
7.10.

[216]
Zosimus,
HN
5.5.4.

[217]
Claudian,
Ruf
. 2.54–99; Eunapius, frag. 64.1 = John of Antioch, frag. 190 (
FHG
4: 610).

[218]
Zosimus,
HN
5.7.3; Eunapius, frag. 64.1 = John of Antioch, frag. 190 (
FHG
4: 610).

[219]
Claudian,
Stil
. 2.95–96.

[220]
Claudian,
Ruf
. 2.105–23 and 235–39, with
Gild
. 294–96 and
Stil
. 1.151–69.

[221]
Claudian,
č cons. Hon
. 435–49;
Stil
. 1.188–245.

[222]
Zosimus,
HN
5.5.6–8.; Claudian,
Ruf
. 2.186–96; Eunapius,
VS
476, 482.

[223]
Claudian,
č cons
. 479–83; Zosimus,
HN
5.7.2. Date: Paulinus,
č. Ambrosii
45, 48, for the relevance of which see E. Burrell, ‘A re-examination of why Stilicho abandoned his pursuit of Alaric in 397’,
Historia
53 (2004): 251–56.

[224]
Eunapius, frag. 64.1 = John of Antioch, frag. 190 (
FHG
4: 610); Zosimus,
HN
5.7.1 – both misdated, but both clearly referring to 397 because of their reference to
Hellas
.

[225]
Claudian,
Eutr
. 2.211–18;
Get
. 533–40.

[226]
Claudian,
Stil
. 1.269–81.

[227]
Main sources for the revolt: Synesius,
De providentia
2.1–3; Socrates,
HE
6.6.1–34; Sozomen,
HE
8.4; Theoderet,
HE
5.30–33; Zosimus,
HN
5.18–19; Philostorgius,
HE
11.8. My narrative follows A. Cameron and J. Long,
Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius
(Berkeley, 1993).

[228]
Date:
Codex Theodosianus
9.40.17 (17 August 399).

[229]
Fasti Vindobonenses Priores
532 (
Chron. Min
. 1: 299).

[230]
Claudian,
č cons. Hons
. 201–15; 281–86.

[231]
Claudian,
č cons. Hon
. 229–33.

[232]
Sozomen,
HE
8.25.3; 9.4.2–4.

[233]
The arguments of A. R. Birley,
The Roman Government of Britain
(Oxford, 2005), 455–60, very nearly persuade me to abandon my attempt, in ‘Barbarians in Gaul, usurpers in Britain’,
Britannia
31 (2000): 325–45, to redate the Rhine crossing from the traditional 31 December 406 to 405.

[234]
Orosius,
Hist
. 7.37.13–16.

[235]
Olympiodorus, frag. 7.2 (Blockley) = 5 (Müller).

[236]
Olympiodorus, frag. 3 (Blockley) = 2 (Müller).

[237]
Olympiodorus, frag. 5.1 (Blockley) = 2 (Müller); Sozomen,
HE
9.4; Philostorgius,
HE
12.3.

[238]
Zosimus,
HN
5.35.5–6.

[239]
Zosimus,
HN
5.36.1–3.

[240]
Sozomen,
HE
9.6–7.

[241]
Olympiodorus, frag. 7.3 (Blockley) = 6 (Müller); Zosimus,
HN
5.38.

[242]
Sozomen,
HE
9.7.

[243]
Zosimus,
HN
5.46.1.

[244]
Zosimus,
HN
5.45–51; Sozomen,
HE
9.7.

[245]
On Olympiodorus, one should consult A. Gillett, ‘The date and circumstances of Olympiodorus of Thebes’,
Traditio
48 (1993): 1–29.

[246]
Olympiodorus, frag. 14 (Blockley) = 13 (Müller); Sozomen,
HE
9.8.

[247]
Sozomen,
HE
9.8 has the former, Zosimus,
HN
6.12.2 the latter. Both were drawing on Olympiodorus, but it is unclear which version better transmits the original.

[248]
Sozomen,
HE
9.9.2–3; Philostorgius,
HE
12.3.

 
Epilogue: The Aftermath of Alaric
 

[249]
Orosius,
Hist
. 7.39.4–14.

[250]
Sozomen,
HE
9.9.5.

[251]
Olympiodorus, frag. 25 (Blockley) = 25 (Müller).

[252]
Rutilius Namatianus,
De reditu suo
1.140.

[253]
Olympiodorus, frag. 16 (Blockley) = 15 (Müller).

[254]
Jordanes,
Get
. 158.

[255]
Sozomen,
HE
9.9.1.

Index
 

Ablabius
54

Abrittus
18
,
28

Adrianople: battle of
139
-
143

curia
of
135
-
136

siege of
146

Ad Salices, battle of
137

Aequitius
143

Africa, grain supply of
6
,
6
,
168
-
169
,
175
-
176

Alamanni
59
,
81
,
105
-
106

origins of
39
-
40
,
67
,
71

Alanoviamuth
49

Alans
124
-
126
,
127
-
128
,
171
,
183

Alaric:
1
-
11
,
157
-
177
,
183
-
184

and Attalus
9
,
174
-
176

and Eutropius
166
-
168

and Rufinus
165

death of
180

early career of
161
-
162

first revolt of
164
-
166

demands of
1
-
2
,
165
,
172
,
173
,
174

followers
1
-
2
,
4
-
5
,
5
,
6
,
157
,
165
-
166

Alatheus
126
,
127
,
131
-
132
,
152

at Adrianople
141
,
142

Alavivus
128
-
129
,
130
,
132
-
133

Aleksandrovka
92

Alexander Severus
28
-
29
,
28

alphabet, Gothic
110

Amal dynasty
50
,
53
,
161

Ambrose of Milan
160

Ammianus Marcellinus
103
-
105

Res Gestae
of
104
-
105

on Adrianople
140
-
141
,
144
,
146
-
147

on Huns
124
-
125

Antioch
117
,
129

Antonine Constitution
25
,
34
-
42

Antoninus Pius
23

Apamea
19

Aquitaine
158
,
183

Arabs
146

Arbogast
151
,
162
-
163

Arcadius
163
,
163
,
165
,
172

archaeology

See
material evidence: ethnicity and

Ardashir
27

Argaith
18
,
55
,
210

Arianism

See
Christianity: Goths and
homoean

Ariaric
84
-
85

Ariminum

See
Rimini

Arinthaeus
117

Arius
107
-
108

Armenia
129
,
137
,
167
,
168

Arminius
47

army, Roman: as basis of imperial power
26

barbarians in
35
-
37
,
82
,
156

Goths in
79
,
82
,
103
-
104
,
106
,
156
-
157

losses of, at Adrianople
150

Arpulas
121

Arrian
125

Ascholius
118

Asia Minor: Goths killed in
146
-
147
,
154

Gothic revolt in
168
-
169

Athanaric
101

ancestry of
85

death of
155

defeated by Huns
126
-
127
,
128
,
131
-
132

persecutes Christians
117
-
118
,
120
-
122

Roman wars of
116
-
118

Atharidus
120

Athaulf
10
,
158
-
159
,
175
,
177
,
180
-
181
,
182

Athens
19

Attalus, Priscus
9
,
174
-
176
,
182
-
183

Attica
19

Attila
157

Augustae
31

Augustine
178
-
179

Augustus
22
,
40
-
41

Aurelian (emperor)
8
-
9
,
20
-
21
,
29
-
30

Aurelian (praetorian prefect)
169

Aureolus
20
,
29

Aurelius Victor
30

Auxentius
107

Auxonius
115

Bacurius
142

barbarians: and imperial policy
37
-
39

concept of
15
,
21
-
22
,
37
,
56
-
60

See also
army, Roman: as basis of imperial power

barbaricum
34
-
42

concept of
34

Roman influence in
35
-
37

coinage in
35
,
36
,
37
,
86
-
87
,
91
-
92

trade within
91
-
92

Barcelona
182

Basil of Caesarea
118
,
129
,
138

Bašmačka
92

Bathouses
121

Bauto
151

Baza

See
Gunthigis

Beroe
138

Bible, Gothic
109
-
110

Bithynia
19

Bonitus
82

Boradoi
19
,
210

Boranoi
18
-
19
,
210

Botheric
159
-
160
,
160

Bracciolini, Poggio
44
-
45

Britain
171

Caesarius
169

Campona
81

Candac
49

Cannobaudes
20

Cappadocia
21
-
22

Caracal, coin hoard of
115

Caracalla
25
,
27

Carinus
30

Carrhae
27

Carpi
67
-
68
,
78
-
79
,
83

Carus
30

Cassio
142

Cassiodorus
50

See also
Jordanes

Castalius
50

Celts
58
-
59

Chalcedon
169

Christianity: Goths and
106
-
111
,
118
-
122

homoean
107
-
109

Cilicia
21

Cimmerians
59

Claudian
4
-
5
,
160
-
161
,
166

Claudius
20
,
29
,
81

Cniva
18
,
28

Colias
135
-
136

Consentia

See
Cosenza

Constans (emperor)
102

Constans (general of Attalus)
175

Constantine Ⅰ
80
-
86
,
102

death of
102

Christianity of
107
-
109

Franks and
80
,
82

Gothic war of
83
-
86
,
107

Sarmatian campaigns of
101
-
102

wars with Licinius
81
-
82

Constantine Ⅲ
171
,
172

Constantinus (Constantine Ⅱ)
84
-
85
,
102

Constantinople
50
,
165

Gainas in
169

senate of
146

siege of
146

Theodosius in
150
-
151
,
151

Valens in
139

Constantius Ⅰ
31
,
77
,
78
-
80
,
80

Constantius Ⅱ
102
,
112
-
113

coinage of
91

Christianity of
108
-
109

Danubian campaigns of
105
-
106
,
114
-
115

Constantius Ⅲ
181
-
183
,
181

Constitutio Antoniniana

See
Antonine Constitution

Cosenza
180

Costoboci
39

Crassus
27
-
28

Crispus
81

Crocus
80

Csörsz-árok
79
,
84
-
85

Cyprus
19

Cyzicus
121
-
122

Dacia, province of
40
-
41
,
67
,
127

Constantinian
102

Dacian wars
38
,
39
-
40

Dalmatia
174

Dančeny
92

Daphne
83
,
115

Decebalus
38
-
39

Decius
18
,
28

De rebus bellicis
115

Dexippus
19
,
55
,
59
-
60

diffusion theory
64
-
66

Diocletian
30
-
31
,
76
-
80

and Goths
31
-
32
,
78

reforms of
76
-
78

Dulcilla
121

Durostorum
130
-
131

Epirus, province of
167
,
171
-
172

Eriulf
156
-
157

Ermanaric
111
-
112
,
124
,
126

ethnicity: archaeology and
60
-
70
,
95
-
96

clothing and
60
,
68
-
69

vocabulary of
56
-
57
,
70

ethnography, Graeco-Roman
56
-
60

Etruria
10
,
179

Eucherius
164
,
173
,
173

Eudoxia
169
-
171

Eugenius
153
,
162
-
163

Eunapius
124
,
125
,
130
,
146
,
167

on Adrianople
140
-
141
,
144

Eusebius of Caesarea
86
,
102

Eusebius of Nicomedia
107
,
108

Eusebius of Samosata
138

Eutropius
166
-
169

Farnobius
138

Flavianus, Nicomachus
162
-
163

Florence
171

fortifications: on frontier
31
-
32
,
116
,
116
,
127
-
128

in
barbaricum
79
,
84
,
92

Franks
31
,
59
,
105

and Constantine
80
,
81

origins of
39
-
40
,
67
,
71

Fravitta
156
-
157
,
169

Frigeridus
137
,
137
,
138
,
139

Frigidus, battle of
163
,
165
,
166
-
169

Fritigern
121
-
122
,
128
,
130
,
132
-
142
,
151
,
152

funerary ritual
94
-
97

Gaatha
101
,
121

Gainas
166
,
166
,
168
-
169
,
170

Galerius
77
,
78
,
79
,
80

Danubian campaigns of
78
-
79

Galla Placidia
9
,
182
-
183

Gallia Narbonensis
23

‘Gallic empire’
29
,
30
-
31

Gallienus
20
-
21
,
28
-
29

Gallus (caesar)
105

Gelonians
59

Gildo, revolt of
168

Germania

See
Tacitus (author)

‘Germanic’ history
44
-
54

and modern Germans
44
-
45

in Renaissance
44
-
45

in Reformation
45

BOOK: Rome's Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric (Key Conflicts of Classical Antiquity)
5.42Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub
ads

Other books

Falcon's Angel by Danita Minnis
01 Summoned-Summoned by Kaye, Rainy
Goblins by Philip Reeve
How to Marry a Rogue by Anna Small
Exile for Dreamers by Kathleen Baldwin
The Two-Penny Bar by Georges Simenon