Seven Elements That Have Changed the World (53 page)

Berners-Lee, Tim,
184-5

Beroviero, Angelo,
245

Bessemer, Henry,
9-13
,
15
,
167
,
173-4
,
213-14
,
246

Bessemer Gold Medal,
12

Bevin, Ernest,
137

Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali,
145

bicycles,
42

Bilbao, Guggenheim Museum,
155

Bingham Canyon, Utah,
103-4

biofuel,
81
,
132

Biringuccio, Vannoccio,
161
,
163
,
173
,
244

Bismarck, Otto von,
3

bitumen,
42

Black, Harry,
20

Blair, Tony,
53
,
63-4
,
77

Blake, Robert,
40

Blake, William,
218

blast furnaces,
216

Bloody Island Massacre,
230

Boeing,
242

Bogotá,
85-7
,
90

Bohemia,
108-10
,
126
,
232-3

Bolivia,
59
,
107

Bontemps, Georges,
166
,
168
,
246

Bonzi, Pierre de,
164-5

Bouazizi, Mohamed,
187

boxes, silver,
118

Brady, Mathew,
117

Bragg, Sir William and Lawrence,
ix-x
,
210
,
213

Brahe, Tycho,
247

Brattain, Walter,
179
,
181
,
250

Brazil,
44
,
89

gold production,
101-2

Bretton Woods Agreement,
101

bronze,
11

Brooks Range Mountains,
33

Brustolon, Giovanni Battista,
96

Bryan, William Jennings,
100

Buckminsterfullerene,
191
,
193

Buffett, Warren,
16
,
198

Burj Khalifa,
23

Burnham, Daniel,
20

Bush, George,
154

business sustainability,
27

cabinets aux miroirs
,
164-5

Cadbury, George and Richard,
216

Cajamarca,
88

Calder Hall,
136-8
,
239

Caldera, Rafael,
59

California,
77
,
108
,
173
,
184

California gold rush,
91-4
,
99
,
102
,
230

calotypes,
114
,
167
,
234

camera lucida,
113

camera obscura,
112
,
114

Campbell, Richard,
87

Canada,
47
,
73
,
78
,
145
,
222

Canaletto,
96

cancer,
134
,
136
,
140
,
160
,
240

Capa, Robert,
117

Cape of Good Hope,
8

Capoche, Luis,
106
,
232

carbon capture and storage,
80-2
,
196
,
228

carbon-carbon bonds,
217

carbon dioxide,
xiv
,
37
,
73
,
75
,
78-9
,
81
,
192
,
196
,
199
,
226
,
228

carbon-hydrogen bonds,
218

carbon monoxide,
219

carbon nanotubes,
191
,
193

carbon taxes,
196

carbonization,
217

Carnegie, Andrew,
12-17
,
19
,
22
,
25-8
,
197-8
,
214-15

Carnegie Corporation,
17
,
197

Carnegie Hall,
18
,
197

Carnegie Mellon University,
15
,
17

Carroll, Lewis,
169

cars,
32
,
41-2
,
64
,
188
,
199

Cartier-Bresson, Henri,
117

Caspian Sea,
45-6

cast iron,
9
,
13

buildings of,
18-19

Cauca River,
87

cave art,
xii

Cavendish Laboratory,
128

CERN,
184-5
,
252

Cerro de Potosí,
105-8
,
232

Chadwick, James,
128
,
237

Chagai Hills,
145

Chance Brothers,
166
,
168
,
246

Chapin, Daryl,
174-5

charcoal,
214

Chatsworth House,
168

Chávez, Hugo,
59-60
,
187

Chernobyl disaster,
140-2
,
240

Chernogorneft,
54

Cherwell, Lord,
136

Chicago,
121

Great Fire,
18-19

Chicago Pile-1,
130

China

air pollution,
37-40
,
219-20

car use,
42

censorship,
187

and climate change,
76
,
78-9
,
81-3
,
199

coal mining,
38-9

dependence on coal,
33-5
,
37-40
,
218
,
220

economic reforms,
37

energy imports,
70
,
73

and fireworks,
30

iron industry,
23-4
,
34
,
213
,
216

and nuclear energy,
138

and nuclear weapons,
146

solar cell production,
176

urban population,
36

China Central Television building,
23

Chinese Communist Party,
118

Chíya,
228

Christiandorf,
232

Church Peace Union,
17

Churchill, Winston,
55

CIA,
144
,
151

Cleveland, Ohio,
51-2

climate change,
xiv
,
40
,
69
,
74-84
,
135
,
192
,
199
,
226-7

technological solutions,
80-3

Clinton, Bill,
76

Clinton Engineer Works,
130-2

clothes, self-cleaning,
159

Club of Rome,
74

coal,
xii
,
4-6
,
32-40
,
136
,
174
,
188

competition with gas,
71
,
81

cost of extraction,
221

coal mining,
36-9
,
219
,
221

coins

clipping,
97
,
231

gold,
95-100
,
111
,
229

non-metallic,
230

one-pound,
231

silver,
95-8
,
108
,
110-11

see also
ducats; florins; gold sovereigns; Owls of Athens

coke,
3
,
5
,
35
,
214

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste,
164-5

Cole, Henry,
168

Coleman, William,
13-14

Colombia,
xi
,
33
,
85-9

colour,
157-8
,
248

Columbus, Christopher,
88

Commodities Futures Trading

Commission (CFTC),
121-2

compass, invention of,
34

computers,
177-8
,
189
,
200

Concorde,
155

conquistadors,
87-9
,
93
,
102-3
,
105-7

Copenhagen climate conference,
80

Copernicus, Nicolaus,
171
,
247

copper, viii,
103
,
155
,
173
,
192

copper wires,
190
,
252

corporate social responsibility,
26

Cort, Henry,
214

Cota,
89

Coyle, Bud,
181

Croesus, King,
95
,
100
,
111
,
230

Cruel Mountains,
126-7

Crystal Palace,
167-8
,
246-7

CSS
Virginia
,
1-3

Curie, Marie and Pierre,
127
,
237

Currier & Ives,
1-2
,
211

Cusiana oilfield,
87

cutlery, titanium,
160
,
244

Cuzco,
88
,
229

Cyrenaica,
119

Cyrus the Great,
95

Daguerre, Louis-Jacques-Mandé,
114
,
234

daguerreotypes,
114
,
167
,
234

Dalton, John,
x
,
210

Dandolo, Doge Giovanni,
97

Darcy, Henry,
46
,
221

Davy, Humphry,
219

Davy lamp,
37

De Beers,
63
,
224

Deepwater Horizon
,
50

Delian League,
233

Delicola,
229

de’ Medici, Catherine,
164

Detroit,
41

Devonshire, Duke of,
168

diamonds,
31
,
62-3
,
224-5

Dickens, Charles,
166

Dirks, Gary,
38

DNA,
31
,
83

Dr. Strangelove
,
241

Dodd-Frank Act,
225

Drake, Colonel Edwin L.,
12
,
43
,
51

ducats,
97
,
99
,
110
,
230-1

Dudley, Dud,
214

Durban climate conference,
77
,
80

Eagle
,
135

Earth

and Copernican model,
170-1

core and magnetic field,
2

Eastman, George,
115-16
,
199
,
235

Edgar Thomson Steel Works,
14
,
25

Edison, Thomas,
12

Edkins, Joseph,
218

Egypt,
56
,
173
,
187

Egypt, ancient,
90-1
,
94
,
161

Einstein, Albert,
130

Eisenhower, Dwight D.,
133

‘Atoms for Peace’ speech,
134
,
144

El Dorado,
85-6
,
88-9
,
103-5
,
107
,
228

El Dorado, Texas,
119

electrum,
94-5

Elizabeth II, Queen,
115
,
117
,
136
,
138

emissions trading,
83
,
228

Eneas, Aubrey,
173-4

energy conservation,
80

Engels, Friedrich,
36
,
219

enhanced oil recovery (EOR),
46-7
,
221
,
228

ENI,
56

Epstein, Jacob,
90

Ericsson, John,
173-4

Essen,
3
,
5-6

Euphrates, River,
95

European Coal and Steel Community,
6

European Union,
6
,
213
,
225

eurozone crisis,
77

exothermic reactions,
218

Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI),
64
,
196
,
224

Exxon,
58
,
222-3

Exxon Valdez
,
xi
,
49
,
205

Facebook,
187

Fairchild, Sherman,
181

Fairchild Semiconductor,
182-4
,
251

Fenton, Roger,
117

Ferdinand, King of Spain,
88

Fermi, Enrico,
129

Feynman, Richard,
xv
,
211

Fiji,
229

fireworks,
29-30
,
217

First World War,
3
,
5
,
25
,
100

Flagler, Henry,
51

Flatiron Building,
19-22

Florence,
48
,
97
,
108
,
117

florins,
97

Ford, Clara,
41

Ford, Henry,
40-1
,
115
,
199
,
247

Ford Model T,
42
,
115

Fortune
magazine,
180

Four Great Inventions,
34
,
218

Fox, Gustavus,
2

Fox Talbot, William Henry,
113-15
,
167
,
234-5

fracking,
71-2

Franco-Prussian war,
4
,
99

Freiberg,
109
,
232

French glass industry,
165-6

French Revolution,
166

Freyle, Juan Rodriguez,
228

Frick, Henry Clay,
14
,
17
,
214

Frick Collection,
18
,
215