Seven Elements That Have Changed the World (54 page)

Fridman, Mikhail,
54

Friedman, Milton,
26
,
217

Friedman, Thomas,
224

Frisch, Otto,
128-9
,
238

Fuentes de Andalucía,
174

Fukushima disaster,
138-44
,
239

Fuller, Buckminster,
252

Fuller, Calvin,
174-5
,
249-50

Fuller, George,
20

Fuller, Larry,
58

Galileo Galilei,
170-1
,
247

Gandhi, Indira,
145

Gang of Four,
37
,
219

Gartner hype cycle,
253

gas,
xii
,
7
,
32-3
,
37
,
65-74

and climate change,
73-4
,
81

compared with oil,
71-2
,
225

competition with coal,
71
,
81

cost of extraction,
221

disposal,
69

pipelines,
69-70

prices,
225

Gates, Bill,
16
,
198

Gehry, Frank,
155

Geim, Andre,
191-2

Genoa,
108

German Empire,
3
,
5

germanium,
180
,
250

Germany,
3-6
,
25
,
99
,
110
,
130-1
,
138
,
141
,
199

Giddens, Anthony,
77
,
227

Giddens Paradox,
227

Gini coefficients,
215

Giuliani, Rudy,
22

Giusti, Luis,
59-60

glass

architectural uses,
168-9

cristallo
,
164
,
245

float glass,
169

lead crystal,
245-6

machine-blown,
247

ribbon glass,
247

see also
mirrors

glassmaking,
161-9
,
245-7

Gleneagles summit,
77

Global Witness,
63
,
224-5

Gokoku shrine,
143

gold

ban on hoarding,
236

incorruptibility,
90-1

malleability,
91

prices,
101
,
103

reserves,
102-3

use in electronics,
91

value relative to silver,
98-9
,
111-12
,
120-1
,
233

see also
coins, gold

gold souks,
91

gold sovereigns,
99

gold standard,
99-102
,
112

Gorbachev, Mikhail,
240

Gore, Al,
76

Gould, Jay,
16

Gradengio, Leonardo,
231

graphene,
31
,
192-3
,
253

graphite,
31
,
191-2

Grätzel cells,
244

Great Bullion Famine,
233

Great Divergence,
34
,
37

Great Exhibition,
167

Greece, ancient,
18

greed,
195

Green, Commander William,
154

Green Revolution,
74
,
226

greenhouses,
168

Greenspan, Alan,
62

Greenwich Village,
19

Gregor, William,
149

Gresham’s law,
98

Grove, Andy,
184-5
,
200

Groves, Major General Leslie,
130-1
,
134
,
198
,
239

Gulf of Mexico,
7-8
,
44
,
50

gunpowder,
30-1
,
34
,
47
,
217

Hachiya, Michihiko,
139

Hahn, Otto,
128
,
237

Hale telescope,
172

Hamilton, Lord,
25

Hampton Roads, Battle of,
1-3

Haydon, Benjamin,
243

Hayward, Tony,
7-8

hearing aids,
180

hearts, artificial,
242

Henry, Prince,
220-1

Hermitage Museum,
91
,
229

Herschel, William,
171-2
,
242
,
248

Hill, Peter,
59

Hiroshima,
xiv
,
124-6
,
128-9
,
132
,
135
,
137
,
139
,
143-4
,
148
,
160
,
237
,
249

Hitler, Adolf,
5
,
212

Hoerni, Jean,
251

Homestead Steel Works strike,
14
,
16-18
,
197
,
214

Hooker telescope,
172

Houghton, John,
75-6

Huaneng Gaobeidian power plant,
81-2

Huayna Capac, Emperor,
105

Hunt, Bunker,
119-23
,
235-6

Hunt, H. L.,
119

Hunt, William Herbert,
120-3
,
235-6

Hunter, Matthew Albert,
149

Hurricane Dennis,
8
,
178

Hussein, Saddam,
58

hydraulic fracturing,
47

hydrogen, vii

IBM 1130 computer,
177-8

Idris, King of Libya,
119

ilmenite,
149
,
156
,
243

Incas,
88-90
,
106-7

India

and climate change,
76
,
78

nuclear weapons,
144-6

steel industry,
24-7

Indonesia,
175

Industrial Revolution,
xiv
,
3
,
32
,
35-6
,
38
,
43
,
74
,
167
,
173
,
186
,
188

integrated circuits,
182
,
190
,
251

Intel, vii,
184-5
,
189-90
,
200

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),
75-6
,
226
,
228

International Atomic Energy Authority,
144

International Space Station,
185

internet,
184-5
,
187

Iran,
x
,
43
,
56
,
58
,
69
,
91
,
99
,
118
,
120
,
136
,
146

Iran-Iraq war,
58

Iraq,
58

Iranian Revolution,
57

Iron and Steel Institute,
12

Iron Lion of Cangzhou,
23

iron ore,
3-5
,
174

irrigation,
173
,
175

isotopes,
129
,
238

Israel,
56-7
,
144
,
152-3
,
161

Ive, Sir Jony,
186

Jamshedpur,
25-6

Japanese nuclear industry,
138-43
,
240

jeans,
93

jet,
34

Jevons, William Stanley,
227

Ji Ruiqi,
24

Joachimsthal,
108-9
,
232

Jobs, Steve,
199-200

Johnson, Kelly,
150
,
152

Joule, James Prescott,
225

Joule-Thomson effect,
67

Jupiter,
170

Kan, Naoto,
141

Keats, John,
243

Keller, Millet,
177-8

Kelly, William,
213

Kennedy, Julian,
25

Kepler, Johannes,
247

Keynes, John Maynard,
101
,
103

Khan, Abdul Qadeer,
144-6
,
241

Khe Sanh military base,
152

Kibeho refugee camp,
118

Kilby, Jack,
182
,
190
,
200
,
251

Kimberley Process,
224

King Hubbert, Marion,
48
,
74

Kircher, Fr Athanasius,
172

Kirchhoff’s law,
242

Klaproth, Martin,
149
,
242

Kobe earthquake,
141

Kodak,
115-16
,
123
,
235

Komsomolets
submarine,
153-4

Kovykta gas field,
70

Kroll, William,
155
,
243

Kroto, Harry,
191

Krupp, Alfred,
3-6
,
11-12
,
89
,
167
,
212

Krupp, Arndt,
3

Krupp, Gustav,
212

Kurzweil, Ray,
189

Kuwait,
58
,
223

Kyoto climate conference,
76
,
79
,
227

La Brea tar pits,
43

La Sierra de la Plata,
105

Lake Allard,
156-7
,
243

Lake Como,
113

Lake Guatavita,
85

Lamb, Charles,
243

Lancet
,
The
,
166

language, complex,
xii

Laurium,
111
,
233

Law of Rent,
60

Leonardo da Vinci,
173
,
248

Levi, Primo,
217

Library of Congress,
190

Libya,
61
,
119-20
,
146
,
187

Life
magazine,
20

Lincoln, Abraham,
1

Lippershey, Hans,
247

liquefied natural gas (LNG),
67-8
,
70-2
,
225

lithium ion batteries,
192

llamas,
106
,
108

Llanos Mountains,
xi

Lockheed Blackbird,
150-4

Lockheed U-2,
150-1

logic gates,
179-80

London,
36
,
48
,
164
,
220

Longsdon, Frederick,
214

Los Alamos,
130-1

Louis XIV, King,
165

Louisiana,
45

Luanda,
62

Lydia,
94-5
,
99
,
111

Macaulay, Lord,
97-8

McNamara, Robert,
147

Macondo oil well,
50

magnesium,
156

Malone, Bob,
7-8

Malthus, Thomas,
35
,
74
,
228

Manaccan valley,
149

Manchester,
35

Manhattan Project,
128
,
130
,
132-4
,
198
,
226
,
236
,
238

Manning, Patrick,
65-6

Mao Zedong,
24
,
37
,
216

Marcellus, General,
172

Marshall, James W.,
91-3
,
99
,
229

Martinuzzi, Napoleone,
163

Masaccio,
117

Masjid-i-Suleiman oilfields,
33
,
136

Matisse, Henri,
90

Mattei, Enrico,
56

Matto Grosso,
89

Meitner, Lise,
128-9

Mellon, Andrew,
15

Mendeleev, Dmitri,
x
,
210

Mercure Galant
,
166

Merkel, Angela,
142

methane,
65
,
219

microprocessors,
183

Midas, King,
95

Miller, Jonathan,
169

mining,
109-10
,
232

see also
coal mining

mirrors,
164-6
,
169-74
,
245

mita
system,
232

Mitchell, George,
71
,
73
,
199

Mobil,
58
,
222-3

mobile phones,
188

Mold gold cape,
91
,
229

Monkhouse, Thomas,
243

Monnet, Jean,
212

Moore, Gordon,
181
,
183-5
,
189-90
,
200

Moore, Henry,
90

Moore’s law,
183-4
,
189
,
252

Morgan, J, P.,
15-16

Mount Wilson,
172

Mugabe, Robert,
225

Muisca,
85-8
,
102
,
108

Mukluk,
44-5

Murano,
163
,
165

Music Lesson
,
The
,
169

MV
BBC China
,
144

MV
Blue Marlin
,
8

Na’aman River,
161

Nagasaki,
137
,
139
,
237
,
249

nails, steel,
214

Napoleon Bonaparte,
31

Napoleon III, Emperor,
9

Narcissus,
170

NASA,
182
,
188

National Maritime Museum,
7

national oil companies (NOCs),
59

natural gas vehicles,
81