Sex at Dawn: The Prehistoric Origins of Modern Sexuality (51 page)

Read Sex at Dawn: The Prehistoric Origins of Modern Sexuality Online

Authors: Christopher Ryan,Cacilda Jethá

Tags: #Non-Fiction, #Sociology, #Psychology, #Science, #Social Science; Science; Psychology & Psychiatry, #History

BOOK: Sex at Dawn: The Prehistoric Origins of Modern Sexuality
12.17Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub

Turchin, P. (2003).
Historical Dynamics: Why States Rise and
Fall.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Turchin, P., with Korateyev, A. (2006). Population density and warfare: A reconsideration.
Social Evolution & History,
5(2): 121–158.

Turner,

T.

(1966).

Social

Structure

and

Political

Organization among the Northern Kayapó.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

Twain, M. (1909/2008).
Letters from the Earth.
Sioux Falls, SD: Nu Vision Publications.

Valentine, P. (2002). Fathers that never exist. In S.

Beckerman and P. Valentine (Eds.),
Cultures of Multiple
Fathers: The Theory and Practice of Partible Paternity in
Lowland South America
(pp. 178–191). Gainesville: University Press of Florida.

van der Merwe, N. J. (1992). Reconstructing prehistoric diet.

In S. Jones, R. Martin, and D. Pilbeam (Eds.),
The Cambridge
Encyclopedia of Human Evolution
(pp. 369–372). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

van Gelder, S. (1993). Remembering our purpose: An interview with Malidoma Somé.
In Context: A Quarterly of
Humane Sustainable Culture,
34: 30.

Ventura, M. (1986).
Shadow Dancing in the U.S.A.
Los Angeles: Jeremy Tarcher.

Verhaegen, M. (1994). Australopithecines: Ancestors of the African apes?
Human Evolution,
9: 121–139.

Wade, N. (2006).
Before the Dawn: The Lost History of Our
Ancestors.
New York: The Penguin Press.

Wallen, K. (1989). Mate selection: Economics and affection.

Behavioral and Brain Sciences,
12: 37–38.

Washburn, S. L. (1950). The analysis of primate evolution with particular reference to the origin of man. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium.
Quantitative Biology,
15: 67–78.

Washburn, S. L., and Lancaster, C. S. (1968). The evolution of hunting. In R. B. Lee and I. DeVore (Eds.),
Man the
Hunter
(pp. 293–303). New York: Aldine.

Watanabe, H. (1968). Subsistence and ecology of northern food gatherers with special reference to the Ainu. In R. Lee and I. Devore (Eds.),
Man the Hunter
(pp. 69–77). Chicago: Aldine.

Wedekind, C., Seebeck, T., Bettens, F., and Paepke, A. J.

(1995). MHC-dependent mate preferences in humans.

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,
260: 245–249.

______ (2006). The intensity of human body odors and the MHC: Should we expect a link?
Evolutionary Psychology,
4: 85–94. Available online at http://www.epjournal.net/.

Weil, A. (1980).
The Marriage of the Sun and the Moon.

Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

White, T. D. (2009).
Ardipithecus ramidus
and the paleobiology of early hominids.
Science,
326: 64, 75–86.

Widmer, R. (1988).
The Evolution of the Calusa:
ANonagricultural Chiefdom on the Southwest Florida Coast.

Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

Wiessner, P. (1996). Leveling the hunter: Constraints on the status quest in foraging societies. In P. Wiessner and W.

Schiefenhovel (Eds.),
Food and the Status Quest: An
Interdisciplinary Perspective
(pp. 171–191). Providence, RI: Berghahn.

Wilbert, J. (1985). The house of the swallow-tailed kite: Warao myth and the art of thinking in images. In G. Urton (Ed.),
Animal Myths and Metaphors in South America
(pp.

145–182). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.

Williams, G. C. (1966).
Adaptation and Natural Selection: A
Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Williams, W. L. (1988).
The Spirit and the Flesh: Sexual
Diversity in American Indian Culture.
Boston: Beacon Press.

Wilson, E. O. (1975).
Sociobiology: The New Synthesis.

Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

______ (1978).
On Human Nature.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

______ (1998).
Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge.
New York: Knopf.

Wilson, J. Q. (2003). The family way: Treating fathers as optional has brought social costs.
The Wall Street Journal,
January 17, p. 7.

Wilson, M. L., and Wrangham, R. W. (2003). Intergroup relations in chimpanzees.
Annual Review of Anthropology,
32: 363–392.

Wolf, S., et al. (1989). Roseto, Pennsylvania 25 years later—highlights of a medical and sociological survey.

Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological
Association,
100: 57–67.

Woodburn, J. (1981/1998). Egalitarian societies. In J. Gowdy (Ed.),
Limited Wants, Unlimited Means: A Reader on
Hunter-gatherer Economics and the Environment
(pp.

87–110). Washington, DC: Island Press.

Won, Yong-Jin, and Hey, J. (2004). Divergence population genetics of chimpanzees.
Molecular Biology and Evolution,
22(2): 297–307.

World Health Organization. (1998).
Female Genital
Mutilation: An Overview.
Geneva, Switzerland.

Wrangham, R. (1974). Artificial feeding of chimpanzees and baboons in their natural habitat.
Animal Behaviour,
22: 83–93.

______ (2001). Out of the Pan, into the fire: How our ancestors’ evolution depended on what they ate. In F. de Waal (Ed.),
Tree of Origin: What Primate Behavior Can Tell Us
About Human Social Evolution
(pp. 119–143). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Wrangham, R., and Peterson, D. (1996).
Demonic Males:
Apes and the Origins of Human Violence.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Wright, R. (1994).
The Moral Animal: The New Science of
Evolutionary Psychology.
New York: Pantheon.

Wyckoff, G. J., Wang, W., and Wu, C. (2000). Rapid evolution of male reproductive genes in the descent of man.

Nature,
403: 304–308.

Yoder, V. C., Virden, T. B., III, and Amin, K. (2005).

Pornography and loneliness: An association?
Sexual
Addiction & Compulsivity,
12: 1.

Zihlman, A. L. (1984). Body build and tissue composition in
Pan paniscus
and
Pan troglodytes,
with comparisons to other hominoids. In R. L. Susman (Ed.),
The Pygmy Chimpanzee
(pp. 179–200). New York: Plenum.

Zihlman, A. L., Cronin, J. E., Cramer, D. L., and Sarich, V.

M. (1978). Pygmy chimpanzee as a possible prototype for the common ancestor of humans, chimpanzees and gorillas.

Nature,
275: 744–746.

Zohar, A., and Guttman, R. (1989). Mate preference is not mate selection.
Behavioral and Brain Sciences,
12: 38–39.

INDEX

The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific passage, please use the search feature of your e-book reader.

Page numbers in
italics
refer to tables and illustrations Abbey, Edward, 98

Abideen, Suhaila Zein al-, 119–20

abstinence, 283–84

Aché, 91–92, 119, 205, 206, 320n

açia
relationships, 129

Acton, Dr. William (Lord), 39, 51

Adam and Eve, 35, 81–82

Adapted Mind, The
(Barkow, Cosmides, and Tooby, eds.), 50–51

adolescents,
66,
282–85, 344n

adultery, 97–98, 121–22, 138, 142, 290, 338n Adult Video Universe, 231

affluenza, 161–62

Africa, 106, 149, 159, 207, 241, 327n, 330n, 332n aggression, 72, 129

of chimps, 64, 68, 70, 76, 189

of humans, 68, 71, 76

of monkeys, xi-xiii, 176

see also
violence; war

agriculture, 12–15,
13,
21, 81–83, 87, 180, 211

harems and, 218

health and, 173, 175, 206–7

population growth and, 9, 33, 154, 156, 158, 169

radical change and, 9, 246

transition from foraging to, 8, 83, 173–75, 319n, 328n war and, 191–92, 193

wealth disparities and, 162

Ainley, David, 135

Alamo, the, 19, 24

Alcmene, 228

Alexander, Michele, 277

Alkon, Amy, 26

alpha males, 10, 59–60

Alzheimer’s disease, 298

Amazon, 11, 90–91, 96, 103, 121, 125–26, 144, 184,
308n,
340n

American Journal of Cardiology,
209

American Medical Association, 2, 287

American Society of Plastic Surgery, 259

Amphitryon, 228

anal sex, 283

Anatomist, The
(Andahazi), 251

Anatomy of Love, The
(Fisher), 74, 114

Andahazi, Federico, 251

Anderson, Terry, 84, 319
n
–20
n
Angier, Natalie, 168, 258–59

Angus, Ian, 170

Anokhin, Andrey, 274

anonymity, 171–72

Antarctica, 134–35

anthropology, 9, 11, 12, 15, 90–92, 105, 106, 108, 171, 185, 203, 340
n

misinterpretation, misunderstanding and, 113, 116, 117, 118, 127, 133, 134, 137

antidepressants, 299

antigens, 228, 264

ape anatomy, multiple comparisons of,
224

apes, great, 61–78,
62

humans as, 1, 315n

penis lengths of, 235–36,
235

social organization among,
65–66

sperm competition among,
230

see also
bonobos; chimpanzees; gorillas; orangutans appearance, physical:

female, 47,
139,
140

male, 47, 55, 140

Appell, G. N., 169

Aquinas, Thomas, 252

archaeology, 14, 173, 193, 201, 205, 243, 316n, 327n
Ardipithecus ramidus,
216–17, 336n–37n Aristotle, 228

Armelagos, George, 174

Arrowood, Patricia C., 257–58

Asante, 192–93

Asia, 207, 241, 242, 327n

attraction, sexual, 41, 57, 96, 123

attractiveness, male, 55, 275

Australia, 185, 238

Aborigines in, 11, 21–22, 164–65, 176, 185, 203

Australopithecus,
336n

Axelrod, Robert, 168

Aztecs, 192–93

baboons, 59,
62,
63, 65, 72, 116, 178–79

copulation calls of, 257, 258

gelada, 261, 339n

Bailey, Michael, 276–77

Baker, Robin R., 264, 338n, 342n

Baker Brown, Isaac, 250–51, 285

Balzac, Honoré de, 115

Barash, David, 225, 342n

Barcelona, 244

Bari, the, 320n

Barlow, John Perry, 318n

Barnes, Cynthia, 130–31, 134

Bateman, A. J., 51

BBC, 116, 161, 204, 235, 271, 276

Beach, Frank, 96

Beagle,
HMS, 26, 31, 164, 181

Beckerman, Stephen, 90–91, 92, 103, 308n beef, 237, 242

Bellis, Mark, 264, 338n, 342n

Belliveau, Jeannette, 289

Bergner, Daniel, 273, 343n

Berman, Morris, 68

Bernard, Jessie, 295

Bernays, Edward, 345n

Berns, Gregory S., 168

betrayal, 4, 167–68, 297, 300

Betzig, Laura, 112

Beyond War
(Fry), 193

Bhutan, 221–22

Bible, 81–82, 98, 138, 205, 233–34, 325n Genesis in, 35, 163, 233

life span in, 53

Psalms in, 200

Bird-David, Nurit, 174

birds, 36, 118, 136–37, 243

Birdsell, Joseph, 203

Birkhead, Tim, 54

birth control, 40, 57

birth control pills, 76, 275, 343n, 344n bisexuality, 276–77

bluebirds, 136

Bodley, John, 171–72

body fat, low, 159

body-size dimorphism, 215–19, 222,
224,
242, 336n–37n body-weight ratios, 205

Boehm, Christopher, 179

Bogucki, Peter, 100, 243

Bolivia, 145

Bolton, Michael, 146

bonding, 104, 149, 171, 308

female-female, 65,
78

group, 315n

mother-child, 106–7

in social organization of apes,
65–66

bone studies, 193, 201, 202, 204–5, 216–17

health and, 173–74, 175

bonobos, 61–65,
62,
69–75, 82, 216–20, 222, 224,
230,
239, 246, 258, 336n

body-size dimorphism in, 216–19

chimps compared with, 69–72,
77–78,
97, 101

copulation duration in, 236,
236

female sexual capacity of, 58, 69, 72–74, 101,
102,
239, 268

group sex of, 12

human erotic response to, 272, 273

humans compared with, 1, 61–62, 63, 69, 72–74,
77–78,
85, 97, 101–2,
102,
134, 225, 234, 240, 242, 243, 245–46, 260, 320n, 332n

multimale-multifemale mating systems of, 45,
66

penis of, 235, 339n

separation of chimps from, 62, 74, 318n

social organization of, 63–64,
65–66,
191

swellings of, 260, 261–62,
261

testicles of, 220, 222, 223, 225, 226–27, 234, 240

warfare and, 186–87, 197–98, 332n

Borman, Frank, 334n

Botswana, 11, 119, 176, 206

Bowlby, John, 29

brain, 8, 140, 171, 205, 216, 274, 319n

Bailey’s fMRI scans of, 276–77

big, 34, 84, 85, 94

cooperation and, 168

of vampire bats, 100

Brazil, 96, 103, 119, 121

infant deaths in, 203

breastfeeding, 7, 13, 42, 77, 111, 159, 259–60, 328n, 342n sharing of, 11, 105

breasts, 13, 35,
224,
259–62, 337n, 342n augmentation of, 259, 342n

Bristol, University of, 238

Brooks, Nick, 327

Brown, Janelle, 260

Bruhn, John, 162

Bryan, William Jennings, 182

Bubonic plague, 207

bukkake,
338n

bulla,
233

bulusela,
346n

Burkino Faso, 105–6

Other books

Affinity by Sarah Waters
Queen of Springtime by Robert Silverberg
Elemental by Antony John
Sins of Sarah by Styles, Anne
This Must Be the Place by Anna Winger
Widow of Gettysburg by Jocelyn Green
Grind Their Bones by Cross, Drew
Dancing at Midnight by Julia Quinn