Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze (47 page)

35
. Liang, 1986, p.11.

36
. Liang, 1986, p. 10.

37
. Mohr, pp. 13–14.

38
.
Mohr, p. 13.

39
. Mohr, p. 14.

40
. Zhang Fakui, p. 477. The dislike appears to have been mutual. The performance of Zhang’s units on the Pudong side is repeatedly criticized in
DSBS,
the after-action report written by German officers upon their return home.

41
. Liang, 1986, p. 9.

42
. Liang, 1986, p. 11.

43
. Liang, 1986, pp. 12–13.

44
. Liang, 1986, p. 12. Falkenhausen’s disappointment with the Chinese reluctance to enter Shanghai’s foreign areas shines through in the language of the report issued later for the German High Command.

45
. Mohr, p. 18.

46
.
NCDN,
August 19, 1937.

47
.
NCDN,
August 15, 1937.

48
.
NCDN,
August 24, 1937.

49
. Bruce, p. 12.

50
. Bruce, p. 13.

51
. “Weekly Intelligence Summary,” August 23, 1937. War Office 5595/9/10.

52
. Bruce, p. 14.

53
.
NCDN,
August 19, 1937.

54
.
North China Herald,
August 18, 1937.

55
. “Two Women Are Beheaded For Treason in Shanghai,” Associated Press, August 30, 1937.

56
. “Shanghai Mobs Kill Suspected Water Poisoners,” Associated Press, August 18, 1937.

57
.
NCDN,
August 18, 1937.

58
.
NCDN,
August 18, 1937.

59
. Teitler et al., p. 98; Bruce, pp. 16–17.

60
. Bruce, p. 19.

61
. For example, on September 8, a shell exploded inside the Chinese staff quarters, injuring four warders.
NCDN,
September 9, 1937.

62
.
Riben haijun zai Zhongguo zuozhan,
pp. 205–206.

63
. Bix, p. 324.

64
. Clifford, Nicholas Rowland.
Retreat from China: British Policy in the Far East 1937–1941.
Seattle WA: University of Washington Press, 1967, p. 23.

65
. Guo Rugui et al., p. 536.

66
. Chen Cheng. “Chen Cheng siren huiyi ziliao” [“Chen Cheng’s personal recollections”],
Minguo Dang’an,
1987, no. 1, pp. 14–15.

67
.
DSBS,
p. 10.

68
. Guo Rugui et al., p. 536.

69
. Li Junsan, p. 75.

70
.
DSBS,
p.11.

71
. Li Junsan, p. 75.

72
. Zhang Fakui, p. 461.

73
. Song Xilian. “Xuezhan Songhu” [“Bloody Songhu Battle”], in
BSK,
p. 172.

74
. Chen Yiding, p. 112.

75
.
DSBS,
p.11.

76
.
Riben haijun zai Zhongguo zuozhan,
p. 205.

77
. Guo Rugui et al., pp. 536–538.

78
.
DSBS,
p. 13. It is no coincidence that the writer of the German report, Robert Borchardt, was a tank specialist, one of the few educated by the
Reichswehr.

79
. Zhang Zhizhong, p. 78.

80
. Wu Yujun. “Junmin cheng yiti” [“Army and People Become One”], in
BSK,
p. 199.

81
. Fang Jing. “Hongjiang, Baoshan, Yuepu, Guangfu xuezhanji” [“An Account of the Bloody Battles of Hongjiang, Baoshan, Yuepu and Guangfu”], in
BSK,
p. 187.

82
. This phrase was coined by the Canadian writer Emily Pauline Johnson in the poem
The Man in Chrysanthemum Land,
written at the end of the Russo-Japanese War.

83
. Hanson, p. 120.

84
. Alcott, pp. 228–229.

85
. Hanson, p. 120.

86
. Goette, John.
Japan Fights for Asia.
New York NY: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1943, p. 39.

87
.
Handbook on Japanese Military Forces.
Washington DC: War Department, 1944, p. 9.

88
. Dorn, p. 9.

89
. Hanson, p. 119.

90
. Hanson, p. 120.

91
. Hanson, p. 120.

92
. Powell, p. 308.

93
. Bruce, p. 16.

94
.
Japanese Monograph No. 166,
p. 30.

95
. This practice was not abolished until early October.

96
.
Japanese Monograph No. 166,
p. 30.

97
. War Office, 5867/9/20.

98
. Fang Jing, p. 186.

99
. In fact, Chinese planes were observed over Shanghai as late as October.

100
. Fang Zhendong. “Yi cun heshan, yi cun xue,” broadcast by Taiwan TV station CTS in 1995 and 1996.

101
.
DSBS,
p. 10.

102
.
Bruce, p. 15.

103
.
North China Herald,
September 1, 1937.

104
.
DSBS,
pp. 11–12.

105
. Guo Rugui et al., p. 536.

106
.
DSBS,
p. 12.

107
. The Amaya Detachment, named after its commander Amaya Shinjiro, consisted of the 11th Division’s 12th Regiment, reinforced with one artillery battalion (Guo Rugui et al., p. 544).

108
.
Riben haijun zai Zhongguo zuozhan,
p. 228.

109
. The account is based on
Nanjing Datusha Shiliaoji [Collection of Historical Records on the Nanjing Massacre].
Nanjing: Jiangsu renmin chubanshe, 2005, vol. 60, pp. 116–119. Hereafter cited as
NDS.

110
. War Office, 5595/9/10.

111
. Kalyagin, Aleksandr Ya.
Along Alien Roads.
New York NY: Columbia University, 1983, pp. 103–104.

112
. Bruce, p. 18.

C
HAPTER
F
OUR
: “B
ANZAI
! B
ANZAI
! B
ANZAI
!”

1
. The account of Matsui’s movements on August 23 and the days immediately before is based mainly on his war journal, published in Chinese translation in
NDS,
vol. 8, pp. 20–199. Entries containing particular information about the landing are on pp. 29–32.

2
. Nagumo, born in 1887, later became one the key actors in both the attack on Pearl Harbor and the Battle of Midway. He shot himself in the last stages of the battle for Saipan in July 1944.

3
.
NDS,
vol. 8, p. 30.

4
. “View From Warship,”
NCDN,
August 24, 1937, contains a vivid description of the landing.

5
. “View from the Warship,”
NCDN,
August 24, 1937. The Dutch spy, de Fremery, uses the same newspaper account in one of his dispatches, but errouneously assumes that it is a description of the parallel landing at Chuanshakou. Teitler, p. 103.

6
. Guo Rugui et al., p. 538;
Shina jihen rikugun sakusen, I, Showa jusan nen ichi gatsu made [Official military history, vol. 86, Army operations during the China incident, part I: to January 1938].
Tokyo: Asagumo shimbunsha, 1975, p. 277.

7
. Zhang Zhizhong, p. 79.

8
. More specifically, the area between Baoshan and Luodian.

9
. Zhang Zhizhong, pp. 79–80.

10
. Li Guanru.
Tumu dizhu: Guojun dishiba jun zhanshi [Indomitable Power: The War History of the 18th Army Group].
Taipei: Zhibingtang chubanshe, 2012, p. 74; Zhang Zhizhong, p. 79; Zhongguo dier lishi dang’an guan, p. 419.

11
.
Teitler et al., p. 104; Zhang Zhizhong, p. 80.

12
. Qin Xiaoyi (ed.).
ZhonghuaMinguo zhongyao shiliao chubian—Duiri Kangzhan shiqi [A Preliminary Compilation of Important Historical Document for the Republic of China—the Period of the War Against Japan]
, vol. 2. Taipei: Zhongguo Guo-mindang zhongyangweiyuanhui dangshiweiyuanhui, 1981, p. 181.

13
. Li Guanru, pp. 74–75.

14
. Yan Kaiyun et al. “Zhanghuabang, Baiziqiao zhandou” [“The Battles for Zhanghuabang and Eight Character Bridge”], in BSK, pp. 203–204; Yuan Ying et al., vol. 1, pp. 141–148.

15
. Yan Kaiyun et al., p. 204; Yuan Ying et al., p. 144.

16
. Liu, F. F.
A Military History of Modern China, 1924–1949.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1956, pp. 91–94. The practice of setting up
Lehr
units dates back at least to the early 19th century in Germany. See, Siegert, Wilhelm.
Geschichte des Lehr Infanterie Bataillons 1820 bis 1896. Mit einem Nachtrag, die Jahre 1897–1906 umfassend von Armin Witthauer.
Berlin: E.S. Mittler und Sohn, 1912. See also, Askew, David. “Defending Nanjing: An Examination of the Capital Garrison Forces,” in
Sino-Japanese Studies,
vol. 15, 2003, p. 151, and Zhang Ruide.
1937 nian deguojun.
Taipei: Academia Sinica, 2005, p. 19.

17
. Yan Kaiyun et al., p. 204.

18
. Yuan Ying et al., vol. 1, p. 144.

19
. Yuan Ying et al., vol. 1, pp. 144–145.

20
. Yuan Ying et al., vol. 1, p. 145.

21
. Yan Kaiyun et al., p. 204.

22
. Yan Kaiyun et al., p. 205.

23
. Yan Kaiyun et al., pp. 205–206.

24
. Ge Yunlong, p. 10.

25
. Chen Cheng, 1987, p. 14.

26
. Cao Jianlang.
Zhongguo Guomindangjun jianshi [A Brief History of the Chinese Nationalist Forces].
Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe, 2009, p. 565.

27
. Zhang Zhizhong, p. 82.

28
.
DSBS,
p. 15.

29
. Guo Rugui et al., p. 539.

30
.
DSBS,
p. 16.

31
. Forman, p. 208.

32
.
DSBS,
p. 16.

33
.
DSBS,
p. 16.

34
. Qin Xiaoyi (ed.), p. 182.

35
. Xue Zhaguang. “Xuezhan Luodian” [“Bloody Battle for Luodian”], in BSK, p. 239.

36
.
NCDN,
September 4, 1937.

37
.
NCDN,
August 27, 1937.

38
.
DSBS,
p. 17.

39
.
Honda Katsuichi.
The Nanjing Massacre: A Japanese Journalist Confronts Japan’s National Shame.
Armonk NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1999, pp. 32–36.

40
.
NDS,
vol. 8, p. 32.

41
.
NDS,
vol. 8, p. 33.

42
.
NDS,
vol. 8, p. 32.

43
.
NDS,
vol. 8, pp. 33, 36.

44
.
NDS,
vol. 61, p. 503.

45
. Honda, p. 30.

46
. Among the Japanese vessels arriving in Shanghai in late August was the seaplane tender
Kamoi,
built in New Jersey by New York Shipbuilding in 1922.
Riben haijun zai Zhongguo zuozhan,
pp. 238–239.

47
.
NDS,
vol. 8, pp. 36, 38; Guo Rugui et al., p. 542.

48
. Later in the war, a Russian advisor, Aleksandr Kalyagin, witnessed how personal connections could directly decide life and death. After an air raid on the Chinese headquarters, a general was being dug out of the rubble when a senior guard battalion officer came up and realized that he was from a different faction. “He is not one of ours. Bury him!” the officer said. The Russian observer managed to save the general. See, Wilson p. 10.

49
. The following account is based on Guo Rugui.
Guo Rugui huiyilu [Guo Rugui’s Memoirs].
Beijing: Zhonggongdang chubanshe, 2009, pp. 76–78.

50
. Liu Jingchi, p. 45.

51
.
DSBS,
p. 18.

52
. Xiong Xinmin. “Yangshupu yu Jiangwan kangzhan” [“The Resistance War in Yangshupu and Jiangwan”], in BSK, p. 181.

53
. Zhang Fakui, p. 463.

54
. Zhang Fakui, p. 464.

55
. Zhang Fakui, p. 466.

56
. Zhang Fakui, p. 464.

57
. Zhang Fakui, p. 464.

58
. Teitler et al., pp. 96–97.

59
. Snow, p. 47.

60
. Willens, p. 101.

61
.
NCDN,
August 23, 1937.

62
.
NCDN,
August 23, 1937; Bruce, pp. 19–20.

63
. Bruce, pp. 22–23. Knatchbull-Hugessen was later invalided back to Britain. He died in 1971.

64
. Bruce, p. 24.

65
.
China Weekly Review,
September 4, 1937, p. 7.

66
. Garver, John W.
Chinese-Soviet Relations 1937–1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism.
New York NY: Oxford University Press, 1988, pp. 20–21.

67
. The remark was made in a conversation with U.S. chargé d’affaires Loy Hen
derson.
Foreign relations of the United States, Diplomatic papers, 1937, in Five Volumes, Vol. III, The Far East.
Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1954, pp. 498–499.

68
. Jiang Zhongzheng (Chiang Kai-shek).
Kunmian ji [Anthology of Encouragement amid Difficulties].
Taipei: Guoshiguan, 2011, p. 569.

69
. Wang Shijie.
Wang Shijie riji
[Wang Shijie’s Diary]. Taipei: Zhongyang yanji-uyuan jindaishi yanjiusuo, 1992, p. 97.

70
. Garver, p. 21.

71
.
Foreign Relations of the United States, Diplomatic papers, 1937, in Five Volumes, Vol. III, The Far East,
p. 827.