She Has Her Mother's Laugh: The Powers, Perversions, and Potential of Heredity (99 page)

and ethical issues of scientific advances,
542

and freemartins,
371
–72,
374
–76

and gene drives,
561
–62

and gene therapy,
509

and genetic screening,
504
–6

and genetic vs. nongenetic heredity,
471

and heredity within individuals,
323
–24

and human germ line engineering,
523
–28,
530
–34

and impact of CRISPR technology,
538

and inheritance of behavioral traits,
430

and lineage of cells,
333
–38

and lyonization,
337
–42

and microbiomes,
413

mitochondria,
421

and mitochondrial replacement therapy,
517
–19,
522

and mosaicism,
353
,
355
–58,
360
,
364
,
367
–69

and mutagenic chain reaction,
551
,
553

and neural development,
343
–44

and ooplasm transfers,
513
–16

and preimplantation genetic diagnosis,
535
–37

Emerson, Ralph Waldo,
166

The
End of Sex and the Future of Human Reproduction
(Greely),
547

endosymbiosis,
410
–17,
419

Enlightenment,
256
–57,
427

Enterococcus faecium,
141

epigenetics and epigenesis

and animal biology,
440
–42

and cell lineages,
344

and CRISPR research,
566

and embryonic development,
325
,
332

and environmental influences,
430
–34,
466

epigenome described,
430
–34

and fetal alcohol syndrome,
479
–80

and genetic vs. nongenetic heredity,
472
,
474
–76

and inheritance of acquired traits,
427
–30

and Lamarckism debate,
426
–27,
434
–38,
442
–44

and Lyon's research,
334

and plant biology,
422
–26,
438
–40

Eskanazi, Brenda,
306

Esvelt, Kevin,
560
–61

ethnicity,
88
,
185
,
192
,
203
,
207
,
223
,
269
–70

eugenics

and criticisms of Goddard's work,
100
–103,
111

genetic engineering contrasted with,
507
–8

and Goddard,
75
–76,
83
–86,
92
–95,
101
–2

and height research,
260

and human germ line engineering,
528

and human/Neanderthal interbreeding,
234
–35

and intelligence research,
290
,
299
,
312
–14

and
The Kallikak Family,
88
,
92
–96

and mitochondrial replacement therapy,
519

and Morgan's research,
99
–100

and Muller's Germinal Choice,
503

and Muller's research,
499
–501

and Osborn,
237

and Penrose's research,
118
,
121
–23

and racism,
199
–200

Eugenics Education Society,
84

Eugenics Record Office,
84
–85,
93
–94,
100
,
528

eukaryotes,
144
,
152
–54,
418
–19

evening primroses,
61
–62

evolution

and acquired traits,
427

and brain development,
469

and chimerism,
399
–401

and CRISPR technology,
561

and cultural inheritance,
445
,
461
,
463

of DNA-based life,
138
–39

and endosymbiosis,
410

and environmental impact of humans,
570

and environmental influences,
466
,
468
–69

and epigenetics,
442

and eugenics ideology,
235
–37

of eukaryotes,
144

and gene drives,
154
–55,
572

and genetic engineering,
508
,
546

and genome sequencing,
2

and horizontal inheritance,
141

and human ancestry,
213
,
238
,
240
,
246
,
269
–70

and human/Neanderthal interbreeding,
246

and meiosis,
148
–50,
152

and memes,
452
–54

and microbiomes,
414

and mitochondria,
418
–19,
421

and modern concept of heredity,
43
–44,
47
–48,
53
,
59

and mosquito control research,
557

and mutation load,
501
,
539
–40

and mutation theory,
60
–62

and non-genetic inheritance,
471
–80

and skin color,
230
–31

exosomes,
357
,
442

Ex Ovo Omnia
(Harvey),
325

extinctions,
155
,
214
,
410
,
498

Fairchild, Lydia,
382
–84

Fairfax Cryobank,
503

familial Mediterranean fever,
184
–85

Farmer, Joseph,
286
–87

feeblemindedness

and discrediting of Goddard's research,
97

and eugenics ideology,
84
–85,
111
,
235
,
312

and fetal alcohol syndrome,
478
–79

and Følling's research,
117

and Goddard's research,
75
–79,
81
–83,
86
–90,
93
,
99
,
101
–4,
163
,
200
,
304
–5

and Penrose's research,
118
–19

and scientific racism,
93
–96

and the Vineland Training School,
70
–72

See also
phenylketonuria (PKU)

Feldman, Marcus,
454
,
474

Festetics, Imre,
37

fetal alcohol syndrome,
305
–6,
478
–80

Feyrer, James,
307
–9

fireflies,
406
,
467

Fischbach, Ruth,
391

Fisher, James,
457

Fisher, Ronald,
262
–63,
334

flower-suppressing proteins,
493

Flynn effect,
308
–10,
316

Fogel, Robert,
267
–68

Følling, Asbjørn,
115
,
126
,
129
,
131

Fortenberry, Jeff,
519

fossil and fossilized DNA

and Asian nursery theory,
235
,
237

and human/Neanderthal interbreeding,
244
,
246
–48

and interbreeding of human populations,
232
–33,
240

of Neanderthals,
238
–39

and paleogenetics,
225
–26

and skin color variations,
229

Franke, Uta,
273

Franklin, Benjamin,
164

Franklin, Rosalind,
124
–25,
164

Frederick Augustus III,
35
–36

Freeman, Frank,
297

freemartins,
370
–72,
373
–76,
378

Frisén, Jonas,
346
–47

Gaius,
12

Galloway, Taryn Ann,
309

Galton, Francis

and eugenics ideology,
84
,
199
,
499

eugenics research lab endowment,
121

family background,
286
–90,
567

and Fisher's research,
334

and height research,
259
–62,
264
–65,
268

and intelligence research,
290
–91,
297
–98,
304
,
312
–13

and modern concept of heredity,
53
–54

and Muller's Germinal Choice,
503

Galton, John,
287

Galton, Samuel,
287
,
288

Galton Society,
234
–35

Gantz, Valentino,
550
–55,
558
,
560
–61,
572
–73

Garnet, Henry Highland,
166
–67

Garrett, Henry,
102
–3,
314

Garrison, S. Olin,
68
–70,
91

Garrod, Archibald,
60
,
117

Geck, Peter,
390

Gelsinger, Jesse,
511
–12

gemmules,
46
–48,
53
–54,
409
,
442

genealogy,
13
,
16
,
18
,
157
–67,
169
,
188
,
220
,
472

gene drives,
154
–56,
400
,
473
,
553
,
557
,
560
–61,
571
–72

gene therapy,
509
–13,
527
,
529
–30,
532

genetic diversity,
207
,
209
,
212
–13,
218
,
222

genetic engineering,
487
–88,
507
–9,
541
–42

genetic essentialism,
317
–18,
384

Genetic Investigation of ANthropometric Traits (GIANT),
279
,
280

The
Genetics of the Mouse
(Grüneberg),
337

Genetics Society of America,
341

genetic testing and counseling,
1
–7,
129
,
180
,
183
,
317

Génin, Emmanuelle,
280

genocide,
64
,
84
,
100
,
121
–22

genome sequencing

and base pairs,
125

and chimerism,
381
,
393
,
396

and CRISPR system,
488
–90

and Denisovan DNA,
248

and exome sequencing,
357

and genetic testing and counseling,
2
–3,
129
,
133
,
183
–86

and height research,
251
,
278
,
284

and human/Neanderthal interbreeding,
233
–34

and intelligence research,
301

and microbiomes,
412

and mitochondria,
418

and mosaicism,
354
,
362
–64,
367
–69

and paleogenetics,
225
,
239

and preimplantation genetic diagnosis,
535
–37

and restriction enzymes,
487

and technological advances,
504

and tracing lineages,
177
,
191

genome-wide association studies,
277
–78,
280
–83

germ cells and germ lines

and CRISPR technology,
524

and epigenetics,
439
,
442

and genetic vs. nongenetic heredity,
472
,
478
–79

and Germinal Choice program,
501
–4,
507
,
534
–35,
540

germ layers,
437

germ-plasm heredity,
329

human germ line modification,
512
,
515
,
523
–29

and meiosis,
145

and microbiomes,
407
–9

and mutagenic chain reaction,
552
–54,
558

and pluripotent stem cells,
545
–47

somatic vs. germ line mutations,
350

and Weismann's research,
55
–58,
426

The Germ-Plasm: A Theory of Heredity
(Weismann),
329

Gershenson, Sergey,
153
–54

Gerstein, Mark,
186
,
192
–93

GHR gene,
273

Giblett, Eloise,
381

Gilbert, Walter,
133

Gill, Peter,
176

Giovannoni, Stephen,
409

Gm variant,
217

GNAQ gene,
358
–59

Goddard, Henry

background,
73
–75

critiques of research,
96
–97,
99
–106,
111

and Davenport's research,
80
–81

and eugenics ideology,
75
–76,
83
–86,
92
–95,
101
–2,
163

and Følling's research,
117

and genetic vs. nongenetic heredity,
478
–80

and intelligence research,
291
,
304
–5